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Ptolemaeus, Claudius Geographia Universalis, Vetus Et Nova, Complectens Clavdii Ptolemaei Alexandrini Enarrationis Libros VIII Repository: Central Library of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Signature: Lyc C I-VII fol. 81 b Author: Ptolemaeus, Claudius; Münster, Sebastian Translator, commentator: Pirckheimer, Willibald Place of origin: Basel Printer: Petri, Heinrich Date of origin: 1542 Language: Latin Note: geography, cartography Overview: Claudius Ptolemy (gr. Claudios Ptolemaios, 100 - 178? ad) – an ancient Greek astronomer, astrologist, mathematician, geographer and theoretician of science. His famous works are Mathematiké syntaxis and astrological supplement Mathematiké syntaxis tetrabiblos. He summarized astrological knowledge in Megalé syntaxis and geographical data and theory in Geografiké hyfégésis. It contains 27 maps and was regarded as a basic geographical work until modern times. They are a lot of editions and supplemented reeditions of it. Willibald Pirckheimer (1470-1530) translated it in Latin and commented. A theologist and cosmographer Sebastian Münster (1488-1552) attached other 21 maps and the appendix with new geographical data. After the list of countries, peoples, cities, mountains, rivers, islands, forests, and deserts follows Chapter 1 contained general geography and computing methods of distance between two places, geography of sea, latitude and longitude theory. Chapter 2 –7 contain explanation about known regions of world and data about borders, rivers, lakes, mountains, cities and population. Author illustrated three different methods for projecting the Earth's surface on a map (an equal area projection, a stereographic projection, and a conic projection), the calculation of coordinate locations for some eight thousand places on the Earth, and the development of concepts of geographical latitude and longitude (Chapter 8) Content: Chapter 1: General geography Chapter 2: West Europe (the area from British islands to Pannonia) Chapter 3: East Europe Chapter 4: Africa (the area known in author´s period: North and Middle Africa) Chapter 5: Asia Chapter 6: Great Asia Chapter 7: West parts of Great Asia Chapter 8: List of maps and general notes Set of maps (2 maps of world, 30 maps of Europe, 4 maps of Africa and 12 maps of Asia) Münster, Sebastian: Appendix geographica (thoughts about usefulness of geography studies, the difference between geography and cosmography, the explanation of some geographers propositions, the comparison of Hispania and Gallia, new versions of old geographical names. Ptolemaeus, Claudius Born: about 85 in Egypt Died: about 165 in Alexandria, Egypt Biography and portrait http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy Life One of the most influential Greek astronomers and geographers of his time, Ptolemy propounded the geocentric theory in a form that prevailed for 1400 years. We know very little of Ptolemy's life. He made astronomical observations from Alexandria in Egypt during the years AD 127-41. In fact the first observation which we can date exactly was made by Ptolemy on 26 March 127 while the last was made on 2 February 141. It was claimed by Theodore Meliteniotes in around 1360 that Ptolemy was born in Hermiou (which is in Upper Egypt rather than Lower Egypt where Alexandria is situated) but since this claim first appears more than one thousand years after Ptolemy lived, it must be treated as relatively unlikely to be true. In fact there is no evidence that Ptolemy was ever anywhere other than Alexandria. Works Ptolemy's work in astronomy and geography have made him famous for the ages, despite the fact that many of his theories were in the following centuries proven wrong or changed. More about Ptolemy´s astronomy http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/PtolemyAstronomy.htm Ptolemy´s geography Ptolemy collected, analyzed, and presented geographical knowledge so that it could be preserved and perfected by future generations. These ideas include expressing locations by longitude and latitude, representing a spherical earth on a flat surface, and developing the first equal area map projection. Ptolemy's accomplishments reflect his understanding of spatial relationships among places on earth and of the Earth's spatial relationships to other celestial bodies. Ptolemy's most famous written works are the Almagest, a textbook of astronomy in which, among other things, he laid the foundations of modern trigonometry; the Tetrabiblos, a compendium of astrology and geography; and Geographica (his guide to "Geography"), which compiled and summarized much of the geographic information accumulated by the Greeks and Romans up to that time. Geographica a work of seven volumes, the standard geography textbook until the 15th century, transmitted a vast amount of topographical detail to Renaissance scholars, profoundly influencing their conception of the world. Containing instructions for drawing maps of the entire "oikoumene" (inhabited world), Geographica was what we would now call an atlas. It included a world map, 26 regional maps, and 67 maps of smaller areas. They illustrated three different methods for projecting the Earth's surface on a map (an equal area projection, a stereographic projection, and a conic projection), the calculation of coordinate locations for some eight thousand places on the Earth, and the development of concepts of geographical latitude and longitude (Figure 1). Through his publications, Ptolemy dominated European cartography for nearly a century and inspired explorers like Christopher Columbus to test the spatial boundaries of the world. Copies and reprints of Ptolemy's world maps made up the majority of navigation and factual maps for centuries to come, providing the base information for early European explorers. Ptolemy also standardized the orientation of maps, with North at the top and East on the left, thereby placing the known world in the upper left, a standard that remains to this day. Form: book, old print Support: Paper Collation: [52], 195 p., [48] l. with maps Dimensions: 29,5 x 20 cm Decoration: woodcut illustrations - maps Binding: carton with paper and leather (18. century), softly damaged Provenance: Ex Libris Michaelis Institoris Mossotzy Posonii 1763 mp ... (autograph). Ex Bibliotheca b. Institoris Gymn. A. C. Poson. 1803 donata (stamp) Ref.: Adams P 2227 Other references: Berggren, J. L. - Jones, Alexander: Ptolemy`s Geography : an annotated translation of the theoretical chapters. Princeton, 2000. Stevenson, Edward L. (ed.): The Geography. New York, 1991.