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UNITED STATES HISTORY
CHAPTER 12 – WORLD WAR 2
BELL WORK – 4/3
Answer these brief fill in the blank questions to test your knowledge of lesson1…This will help prepare
for quiz tomorrow! (lessons 1 & 2)
1.Second generation Japanese Americans served in the 100th Infantry and the __________________,
becoming the most decorated units in the history of the United States military.
2.The great symbol of the campaign to hire women was “_____________________________”, a character
that appeared on posters, in newspapers, and in magazines.
3. Due to the high demand for raw materials and supplies, shortages were created. This led to
______________, or limiting the purchase of many products to make sure enough were available for military
use.
4. Leading African American newspaper, the Pittsburgh Courier, launched the ____________________
Campaign to urge readers to support the war to win a double victory over Hitler’s racism abroad and racism
at home.
5. In 1942 President Roosevelt created the ______________________________ to improve the public’s
understanding of the war and to act as a liaison office with the various media.
6. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, most of the West Coast was declared a military zone, and people of
Japanese ancestry were evacuated to 10 ____________camps farther inland.
7. In early1941, the air force created its first African American unit, the 99th Pursuit Squadron, whose pilots
became known as the ______________________.
8. To increase and hurry up production, the government offered ____________ contracts, agreeing to pay a
company the cost to make a product plus a guaranteed percentage as profit.
WHERE WAS WWII FOUGHT?
First truly global war
Two main theatres of operation:
1) European/Atlantic
2) Asian/Pacific
*North Africa = 3rd campaign area
Combat took place on land, sea, and air
TWO THEATRES OF WAR
AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: WWII
European Theatre: (major battles)
 Stalingrad – true turning point of the war in Europe
 D-Day
 Battle of the Bulge
Pacific Theatre:
 Strategy = Island Hopping & “Leap frogging”
 Guadalcanal; Midway; Okinawa; Iwo Jima
JAPANESE INTERNMENT
Executive
Order 9066
As wartime hysteria mounted, the U.S.
government rounded up 120,000 people of
Japanese ancestry—77,000 of whom were
U.S. citizens—and forced them into interment
camps in early 1942.
Given just days to sell their homes,
businesses, and personal property, whole
families were marched under military guards
to rail depots, then sent to remote,
inhospitable sites where they lived in
cramped barracks surrounded by barbed
wire and watchtowers.
THE HOME FRONT
Women Work For Victory
Opportunities to work while men fought
Challenged long held traditions even further
 Women worked in heavy industry (50% of working women
in defense jobs)
 Married women worked (75% were married; 60% over 35
years old.)
 Rosie the Riveter
THE HOME FRONT
African Americans
Demand Fair
Employment
Discrimination
Defense industry jobs
disproportionately went to whites
240 out of 100,000 workers were
African American
*Military was segregated
“Double V” Campaign
Fighting against the tyranny and
oppression of fascism overseas…what
about the discrimination & oppression
in the states?
Pittsburgh Courier – Called African
Americans to support the war to win
victory against racism abroad and at
home
THE HOME FRONT
African Americans
Demand Fair Employment
A. Philip Randolph
Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping
Car Porters (Pullman Car Company)
Organized threat of a march on DC
FDR = Executive Order 8802
Ensured fair hiring practices in gov’t
funded jobs
C.O.R.E.
Congress of Racial Equality
Helped establish the agenda for the
Civil Rights movement of the 1950s &
60s
THE HOME FRONT
Mexican Americans deal
with discrimination
Bracero Program
 US – Mexico = hire migrant workers to help farm during the
war
 Over 50,000 Mexican laborers were brought to the United
States to help work during WW2 in war related industries
Zoot Suit Riots
 Mexican Americans attacked by off duty sailors in LA (1943)
 Latino youths known as “Pachucos” caused a sensation by
donning zoot suits, pork pie hats and dangling watch chains,
and it wasn’t long before their eye-catching garb earned
them an overblown reputation as street thugs and juvenile
delinquents.
 Tensions grew especially high between zoot-suiters and the
large contingent of white sailors and Marines stationed in Los
Angeles.
 Mexican Americans were serving in the military in high
numbers, but many servicemen viewed the zoot-suit wearers
as World War II draft dodgers.
 Since wool and other textiles were subject to wartime
rationing, they also considered the oversized suits an
unpatriotic waste of resources.
 A mob of U.S. servicemen took to the streets in taxicabs and
began attacking Latinos and stripping them of their suits
 Victims arrested & Zoot Suits were banned
 Gov. Earl Warren
“ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY”
US War Production
“The Americans can’t build planes…only iceboxes
and radios” – Nazi official
1942, War Production Board was
established(WPB)
 Office of War Mobilization (OWM) =
Oversaw
 Allocate scarce materials into proper
industries
 Regulate production of civilian goods
 Establish production contracts
 Negotiate with organized labor
 Control inflation
National War Labor Board
“ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY”
Government War-time production
 Authority to set wages and hours
 Mediate disputes b/w labor & man.
War Manpower Commission
 Supervise mobilization for the military & industry
Office of Price Administration
 Ration scarce products
 Control inflation by setting prices on consumer goods
 OPA was responsible for two types of rationing
programs.
 The first limited the purchase of certain commodities
(tires, cars, metal typewriters, bicycles, stoves and rubber
shoes) to people who had demonstrated an especial
need for them.
 The second limited the quantity of things–like butter,
coffee, sugar, cooking fat, gasoline and non-rubber
shoes–which every citizen was allowed to buy.
 As a result, of course, the black market flourished–studies
estimated that 25 percent of all purchases during the
war were illegal.
“ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY”
US Wartime production accomplishments
*$320 Billion spent by USA
*17 million new jobs
•*Increased wages by 50%
•*Increased Corporate profits by 70%
“To American production, without which the war would
have been lost.” – J. Stalin
300,000 Military aircraft
2.6 million machine guns
6 million tons of bombs
5,000 cargo ships
86,000 warships
By late 1942, 1/3 of economy was
committed to war production
More industrial plants built in first 3 years of
war than in previous 15 years of peace
Examples of war production:
 *Crude Rubber supply (from SE Asia) cutoff
by Japan = US Government invested $700
million in 50 new synthetic rubber factories
 Merry-go-round factory = produced gun
mounts
 Pin-ball machine maker = produced armorpiercing shells
“ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY”
MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
Defense spending
 1940 = 9% of GNP
 1945 = 46% of GNP
Government support of Business
“If you are going to try to go to war in a
capitalist country, you have to let business make
money out of the process or business won’t
work” – Sec. of War, Henry Stimson
 Guaranteed profits
 Provided generous tax write-offs & subsidies
 Suspended anti-trust legislation
*2/3 of all war spending went to 100 largest companies
Federal Civilian Employees
 1.1 million (at beginning of war) – 3.8 million by end of
war
Two American Commanders
PACIFIC THEATRE
*After the battles of Coral Sea
& Midway, the Japanese were
no longer on the offensive and
were forced to fight to hold
onto territories they had
previously won
 General Douglas MacArthur
 Southwestern Pacific
 Left Philippines – Based out of Australia
 Admiral Chester Nimitz
 Central Pacific
Strategies
 Leap Frogging
 Island Hopping
Major Battles
 Coral Sea
 Guadalcanal
 Midway
 Iwo Jima
 Okinawa
Pacific Theater of Operations
PACIFIC THEATRE
Douglas MacArthur
“Leap Frogging”
PACIFIC THEATRE
Chester Nimitz
Island Hopping
U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,
the Philippines [March, 1942]
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60
miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the
Philippines.
BATAAN DEATH MARCH
The surrendered Filipinos and Americans soon were rounded up by the Japanese and forced to march some 65
miles from Mariveles, on the southern end of the Bataan Peninsula, to San Fernando.
The men were divided into groups of approximately 100, and what became known as the Bataan Death March
typically took each group around five days to complete.
The exact figures are unknown, but it is believed that thousands of troops died because of the brutality of their
captors, who starved and beat the marchers, and bayoneted those too weak to walk.
Survivors were taken by rail from San Fernando to prisoner-of-war camps, where thousands more died from
disease, mistreatment and starvation.
Bataan Death March: Aftermath
America avenged its defeat in the Philippines with the invasion of the island of Leyte in October 1944. General
Douglas MacArthur, who in 1942 had famously promised to return to the Philippines, made good on his word.
In February 1945, U.S.-Filipino forces recaptured the Bataan Peninsula, and Manila was liberated in early March.
After the war, an American military tribunal tried Lieutenant General Homma Masaharu, commander of the
Japanese invasion forces in the Philippines. He was held responsible for the death march, a war crime, and was
executed by firing squad on April 3, 1946.
PACIFIC THEATRE
Progress made in the Pacific
after Pearl Harbor
Important Early Battles
 Coral Sea
 *Day after Philippines fell in May 1942
 Clash off the NE Australia
 1st naval battle fought entirely by planes from
aircraft carriers
 Each side lost a carrier; Japanese advance on
Australia is stopped
 Midway
 June 1942
 US Signal Corps broke Japanese code
 American dive-bombers sank 4 Japanese carriers
 Guadalcanal
 August 1942; Solomon Islands
 6 months of fighting
 25,000 Japanese troops killed
ISLAND HOPPING
The war in the Pacific involved a major geographic
obstacle: the Pacific Ocean.
In order to attack Japan, U.S. forces would have to
advance across thousands of miles of ocean and
attack heavily fortified Japanese positions
on small, strategically important islands.
The U.S. strategy involved a twopronged advance:
The U.S. navy would island hop through the central
Pacific while the Army advanced through the
Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and the Philippines
ISLAND HOPPING
Problems with Island Hopping:
By the fall of 1943, the U.S. navy was ready to launch its
island-hopping campaign, but the geography of the central
Pacific posed a problem. Many of the islands were coral
reef atolls.
The water over the coral reef was not always deep enough
to allow landing craft to get to the shore. If the landing craft
ran aground on the reef, the troops would have to wade to
the beach.
Wading ashore under enemy fire led to very high casualty
rates among U.S. troops.
The vehicle was a boat with tank tracks, nicknamed the “the
alligator.” This amphibious tractor, or amphtrac was used
successfully by the navy throughout the war.
“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien
Island
PACIFIC THEATRE – KAMIKAZE
*America takes back the Philippines:
To take back the Philippines, America put together a huge invasion force of 700 ships carrying 160,000 men.
On October 20, American ships landed on the island of Leyte, and the USA had taken back the Philippines.
The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle in history. It was also the first time the Japanese used
KAMIKAZE pilots in battle.
“Kamikaze” means DIVINE WIND, and refers to the great storm that defeated the Mongol fleet in its invasion of
Japan in the 13th century.
Japanese Kamikaze Planes became known as The Scourge of the South Pacific.
Effective: Sank more than 300 Allied warships and caused more than 15,000 casualties
*The campaign to take back the Philippines was long and difficult. More than 80,000 Japanese were killed, while
fewer than 1,000 Japanese surrendered.
*MacArthur’s troops did not capture MANILA until March 1945.
Japanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Kamikaze Pilots
Suicide Bombers
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/kamikaze-pilots
Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to
the Philippines! [1944]
PACIFIC THEATRE
IWO JIMA
Feb. – March, 1945
Nearly 700 miles from Japan
Marines faced a “dug-in” enemy in tunnels &
concrete pillboxes
25,000 marine casualties
LESSON 3
THE INVASION OF EUROPE
World War 2
INVASION OF EUROPE
Allies plan Strategy for Victory
“Europe First” Strategy
*GOAL = Fight & win a 2-front war
 Only Germany had the capacity to a) bomb Britain, b)
wage naval campaign against US & GB, c) invade USSR
on 1200 mile front
Where to attack though?
Stalin wanted a 2nd front of fighting in Western
Europe, in order to take pressure off the SOVIETS
 Churchill disagreed – wanted USA to help invade N.
Africa & defend GB control of SUEZ Canal
 FDR goes with Churchill’s plan
 1) Invasion would give the United States Army some experience without
requiring a lot of troops
 2) It would help the British troops fight Germany in Egypt’s Suez Canal
EUROPE FIRST
N. Africa & Italian
Campaigns
North Africa – fighting here allowed the Allies to
occupy Axis troops, while preparing for an invasion
of ITALY
 May 1943 – 250,000 Germans surrendered in Tunisia
Italy – Summer of 1943; Churchill suggests invasion
of Sicily & Italy
 Sicily seized in 1 month of fighting
 September 8, 1943 = Mussolini deposed & Italian military
officials surrender to Allies
*Nazis invade & halt Allied progress…the intense fighting
would continue until the end in May 1945
**300,000 Allied Casualties in Italy – Very deadly
EUROPE FIRST
Major Turning Points in the war
Casualties:
German = 841,000
Soviet = 1,130,000
Battle of Stalingrad
 August 1942 – January 1943
 Key city for USSR:
 Stalin’s namesake – will require troops to
protect at all costs
 Access to the Black & Caspian Seas– vital
trade route
 Caucasus Oil Fields
 Industrial city on the Volga River
 4 months of fighting the USSR & Germany
each suffered more battle deaths than the
US did in the entire war
*TURNING POINT OF WW2 – Hitler can’t
dominate Europe
STALINGRAD
STALINGRAD
Hitler wanted access to the oil fields of the
Caucasus Mountains
He also understood the symbolism.
This was the essential confrontation Hitler
desired – fascism vs. Bolshevism
Germans experienced the legendary Russian
resistance at Stalingrad as well.
Oddly imprecise bombing in the north
600 German planes descended on the city
one evening with incendiary bombs –
40,000 civilians killed.
The two dictators insisted their armies fight
to the death – by radio.
Hitler neglected his flanks and was
surrounded – his army trapped in the city –
80,000 German prisoners.
TURNING POINT
The Battle of Stalingrad ended in
January 1943 and marked a
turning point.
The Germans would revert to a
defensive position.
The highly mobile Blitzkrieg army
would, in one year – by 1944,
transform into a ponderous, highly
immobile army featuring heavy,
slow tanks and dug-in infantry.
Hitler had been too greedy in the
east and mistakenly declared war
on the U.S.
HITLER
Nov. 3, 1943 - Fuhrer Directive No.51
 “For the last two and one-half years the bitter and costly struggle against Bolshevism
has made the utmost demands upon the bulk of our military resources and
energies…The situation has since changed. The threat from the East remains, but an
even greater danger looms in the West: the Anglo-American landing! In the East, the
vastness of the space will, as a last resort, permit a loss of territory even on a major
scale, without suffering a mortal blow to Germany’s chance for survival. Not so in the
West! If the enemy here succeeds in penetrating our defense on a wide front,
consequences of staggering proportions will follow within a short time. I have
therefore decided to strengthen the defenses in the West”
STALINGRAD
STALINGRAD
STALINGRAD
INCREASING PRESSURE ON
GERMANY
Incendiary Bombing
Strategic Bombing
 Daytime flights by American Air Force
 Destroy Germany’s capacity to make war
 Jan. 1943-May 1945 the British Royal Air Force and
U.S. Air Force dropped 53,000 tons of bombs per
month on German cities
 Severely decreased Germany’s ability to produce
airplanes
Saturation Bombing
 Night time flights by British Royal Air Force
 Inflict maximum damage on German cities
*Hamburg (July, 1943) = incendiary bombs mixed w/
explosives killed 100,000 & destroyed city (Similar
to Cologne & Dresden)
SATURATION & STRATEGIC BOMBING
DRESDEN
STRATEGIC BOMBING
INVASION OF NORMANDY
TEHRAN DECLARATION (P.305)
“The common understanding which we have here
reached guarantees that victory will be ours. And
as to peace – we are sure that our concord will win
an enduring peace. We recognize fully the supreme
responsibility…to make a peace which will
command the goodwill of the overwhelming mass of
the peoples of the world and banish the scourge
and terror of war for many generations.”
- December 1, 1943
Tehran Conference (Nov. 1943)
 Big Three meet face to face (1st time)
 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
 Stalin still wants 2nd front opened in W. Europe
(France)
 Stalin promises to:
 1) Divide Germany with USA after the War
 2) Help defeat Japan after Germany surrenders
 Churchill & FDR agree
 Dwight Eisenhower
 Supreme Commander
 Bernard Montgomery
 British General = Commander of Ground Forces
 Omar Bradley
 Commander of US 1st Army
 George S. Patton
 Lead decoy army at Calais
D-DAY
Codenamed – “Operation Overlord” (Allied invasion of Normandy)
 Operation Neptune = actual assault phase
**Largest air, sea, and land invasion in HISTORY
June 6, 1944
Three Part Invasion
 1) Night time Airborne Invasion
 2) Early Morning Bombing
 3) Beach Invasion
D-DAY
D-DAY
In order to keep missions secret, the military would refer to planned attacks as taking
place on “d-day” at “h-hour”….thus, D-DAY
Why invade FRANCE?
 To drive the Germans out and free Western Europe of German command
 Take pressure off of the Soviets in the East
PLAN
After midnight, send paratroopers in behind enemy lines with the cover
of darkness, to take control of major roads, bridges, farms, railroads
etc…
 Over 13,000 men in 6 parachute regiments
Early morning bombing runs at dawn. This would weaken the coastal
defenses of the Germans, and allow for the invasion
Storm the beaches! Large scale troop invasion of 5 different beaches 1)
1)Juno
2) Sword
3) Gold
4) Omaha*
5) Utah
NORMANDY FRANCE
ATLANTIC WALL
GEN. EISENHOWER
EISENHOWER ADDRESS TO THE
TROOPS
“You are about to embark on the Great Crusade, toward
which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the
world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of libertyloving people everywhere march with you….I have full
confidence in your courage, devotion of duty and skill in
battle. We will accept nothing less than full VICTORY!”
AIRBORNE TROOPS
TROOPS
Over 156,000 troops landed at Normandy
73,000 Americans
 23,250 at Utah Beach
 34250 at Omaha Beach
D-DAY
D-DAY
D-DAY
ALLIED SUPPLIES
ALLIED TROOPS
AMERICAN SECTOR
Omaha and Utah beaches
 Omaha = strategic
 Utah = important for supplies
In the American sector, the landing at Utah beach began at 0630 and-despite occurring slightly south of the target area--proceeded according to
plan as the U.S. 4th division advanced rapidly toward its initial objectives. At
Omaha beach, where the landings began at 6:35, underwater obstacles
bottled up many of the amphibious craft and the congestion provided easy
targets for German gunners. The landing bogged down and it took a
combination of short-range destroyer gunnery support, aerial bombardment
and desperate infantry assaults to break the German defenses. It was not until
noon that the U.S. 1st and 29th divisions crossed the beach line in force.
CASUALTIES
Overall = 9,000+ Allies
American = 2,000+
 Utah Beach = 197
 Omaha Beach = 2,000+
 *Airborne = 2,499 (238 deaths)
*Perspective
- Battle of the Bulge = 70,000 casualties
- Iwo Jima = 23,000 casualties (36 days of fighting)
- Okinawa = 50,000 casualties
LESSON 4
THE WAR ENDS
World war 2
The Battle of the Bulge:
Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944
to
Jan. 28, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
V-E DAY
GERMAN Surrender occurred
on early morning of May 7,
1945
*Public celebrated on May 8,
1945
General Keitel
DEFEAT OF JAPAN
After VE day, the
focus of the Allied
war effort shifted to
the Empire of Japan
Island-Hopping was an effective strategy,
which pushed the Japanese back to their
home islands
The USSR & US both had interests in East
Asia
 The US didn’t want the Soviets to have any
involvement in forcing the surrender of Japan
Invasion of Japan held major risks
 Estimated that the US could lose over 1,000,000
soldiers in an invasion of Japan
 Harry Truman was faced with a major decision
 Use new atomic bombs?
 Potential for high casualties
 USSR invading & taking territory
US MARINES ON MT.
SURIBACHI
IWO JIMA
FEBRUARY 19, 1945
PACIFIC THEATRE
OKINAWA
April - June, 1945
350 Miles from Japan
*Key staging area for the invasion of the
Japanese home islands
83 days of fighting
80,000 civilian casualties
110,000 Japanese dead
50,000 American casualties
JAPANESE BOMBING
TOKYO
March 9 – 10. 1945
B-29 Bombers dropped napalm &
magnesium bombs
Burned 16 square miles of the city
Killed nearly 100,000 Japanese
*Japanese government showed no willingness
to surrender
POTSDAM CONFERENCE
JULY, 1945

FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.

Stalin only original of the BIG THREE

The United States has the A-bomb.

Allies agree Germany is to be divided into
occupation zones

Poland moved around to suit the Soviets.
P.M. Clement President Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
Developing the
atomic bomb
The Manhattan Projects sole purpose was to develop
a method for the mass production of atomic bombs.
Lt. Leslie Groves
 Wizard Of the Manhattan Project
 task of overlooking the projects progress and keeping the
project top secret.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
 Scientist in charge of development
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
Production of Fissile materials & fabrication of
the bombs
The two main sites
 Oak Ridge, Tennessee
 U235 Enrichment
 Harford, Washington
 Plutonium development
 Used in trinity test; Fat Man (Nagasaki Bomb)
LOS ALAMOS, NM
 Site of bomb assembly
OAK RIDGE, TN – MANHATTAN PROJECT
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/secretatomic-city-is-built-in-oak-ridge-tennessee
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
TRINITY TEST
The first use of the atomic bomb
(test) took place within the Jemez
Mountains in New Mexico on July
16, 1945
This was known as The Trinity Test
because it took place at Trinity Site
The bomb was code-named Gadget
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
TRINITY TEST
Initially, because of uncertainty of whether
the bomb would explode as planned, it was
going to be placed inside Jumbo, so as to
save the plutonium if the test failed
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
August 6, 1945
HIROSHIMA
“Little Boy” = smaller of the two developed
atomic bombs
The bomb was dropped by a modified
American B-29 Super-fortress bomber
named the Enola Gay
The bomb itself was over 10 ft long, 30 in
across , and weighed close to 5 tons.
It had the explosive force of 20,000 tons of
TNT
HIROSHIMA
HIROSHIMA
AUGUST 6, 1945

70,000 killed
immediately.

48,000 buildings.
destroyed.

100,000s died of
radiation poisoning &
cancer later.
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
NAGASAKI
USSR declared war on August 8, 1945
 Japanese government warned of another attack
August 9, 1945 in Nagasaki, Japan
Fat Man – the bigger of the two bombs
 Despite the increased size of the bomb,
the casualties, while still high, were less
than that of Hiroshima
 An estimate is: 40,000+ killed instantly,
and 60,000 injured.
NAGASAKI
NAGASAKI
AUGUST 9, 1945

40,000 killed Immediately.

60,000 injured.

100,000s died of radiation poisoning
& cancer later.
VICTORY IN JAPAN
August 15,1945 – “V-J DAY”
Formal Surrender took place on September
2, 1945
 USS Missouri
 Emperor Hirohito could keep position, but
would be subordinate to occupation
commander
 Gen. MacArthur:
 Supervised the writing of a new
constitution
 Allowed a defense force
 Women’s suffrage
 Democratic reforms
 Full economic recovery
V-J DAY
AUGUST 15, 1945
V-J DAY IN TIMES SQUARE, NYC