Download This article will discuss what artificial intelligence is and

Writing: 1150-014
Final Project
2ed Draft
Artificial
Intelligence
Jiahao Cao
This article will discuss what artificial intelligence is and the major directions of development.
Using common examples to demonstrate the application of AI in real life and some issue might
appear with it. The audiences I want to target is the public and students, who are interested in AI but
only have blurry opinions about it (actually, it’s blurry). This essay might tell them if they want to
engage in the works about AI, there are more than one way (computer science) are able to choose.
This project faces public and without academic terms, so I might choose magazine as my genre with
images.
“Artificial Intelligence is perhaps unique among engineering subjects in that it
has raised very basic questions about the nature of computing, perception,
reasoning, learning, language, action, interaction, consciousness, humankind,
life etc.”
Müller, Vincent C.
and brains. However, no Breakthrough
can be achieved overnight. Real world is
not a binary system which only have
two state – 0 (wrong) and 1 (correct).
Curiosity is one of the most
And it is also not a one-to-one
effective incentives that promote
relationship, therefore, there are always
human to discover this vast world,
multiple choices in life, especially in the
which fill with uncertainties and
fields people are not familiar with yet.
variations. With the revolutionary
And so does what I have mentioned
developments on natural sciences and
here – the investigation in human self.
humanities, people start to feel curious
There are various theories in this topic
about what is the implicit power which
that people holds, and most of them are
construct such unique and highly
highly controversial, which makes this
developed society in this lifeless and
topic more intriguing. The specific one
silent universe. And the answer is
that we’ll discuss in this article is just
simple, human self – the most
one of these complicated problems, or
unparalleled species with such powerful
we can say it’s the combination of these
intelligence. In recent decades, the
fields – the Artificial intelligence. Like
population of researchers engaged in
Müller said: “Artificial Intelligence is
this field has increased rapidly, they
perhaps unique among engineering
have made lots of progress to find the
subjects in that it has raised very basic
path to recognize the ego, and all
questions about the nature of
magical reactions happen in our bodies
computing, perception, reasoning,
learning, language, action, interaction,
understand for public. Artificial
consciousness, humankind, life etc.”
intelligence is a major topic in movies.
(Müller, 2013) Every disciplines can find
For instance, the made by James
Cameron, the A.I. Artificial Intelligence
made by Steven Spielberg and WALL•E
made by Andrew Stanton.
It is safe to bet that almost all
Sci-fi Movies mention Artificial
Intelligence, more or less. You see what!
AI bring entertainment to us! Well, just
a joke. These movie-examples only
show how people curious about it. But
there are some real applications of AI. If
we define AI in broad sense, no matter
whether people noticed it or not, AI has
already been used in every corners in
our life. When people set up the alarm
for next day by talking to Siri (I always
do that, but it look like Siri cannot
recognize my accent correctly), or using
its own role in the AI since every
google to find what the information
subjects are asserted by people, and the
they desire to know. Both of them are
research on AI can be regard as the
the acquisitions through research AI.
investigation on human self.
WALL•E made by Andrew
Stanton
OK, we got that AI is everywhere
in our life, and it can help people to do
something, like set alarm at least. But
what exactly is AI? The first thing
AI is such an advanced topic.
appears in everybody’s brain may be a
However, does it really matter in
computer, or a robot. Computer, yes,
everyday life? Or just one of the
people use computer in almost every
sophisticated toys that belongs to
field nowadays. From photo share,
scientists? However, AI is not a “spring
music composition, to the planet
snow” – an ancient Chinese phrase
movement simulation or DNA sequence
which means a thing is too highbrow to
analysis. For sure, these programs are
not grow form soil and then framer
harvest them, they are artificial. But we
can only say it “artificial expertise” and
not intelligence because the lack of
abilities to be adjustable about errors
(John, 1988). Artificial intelligence is a
really complex study which only has a
blurry profile. It aims to discover the
secret of human beings and natural
thoughts, then try to figure out how to
fulfill it by using a computer (Buchanan,
2005). The description may sound too
abstract and difficult to know. However,
this is what AI is, at least recently. AI
need flexibility when it compute (or
think/consider). And so does the ability
to study unknown stuff instead of get a
fixed response to each certain
command. In this case, it is hard to
figure out what the eventual goal of AI
is.
However, fortunately, scientists
are the group of people who like
difficulty. Due to their progress,
multifarious theories in Artificial
intelligence have been asserted. Each of
these theories has their own
consideration and feasibility. Therefore,
it’s impossible to point out that which
one is the accurate path people should
choose. And actually, there is no one
accurate fully since “there is no one-toone relationship in real world”.
Symbolic logic
and algorithm
Let’s start with algorithm and
symbolic logic. Algorithm is relevant
closely to computer science – computer
cannot even exist without algorithm.
Deep Blue, one of the most famous
machine about AI, created by IBM. Deep
Blue is a chess-play machine which
defeated the best human player in this
world. The intelligence of Deep Blue is
given by algorithm. Through analyzing
four basic chess values: material,
position, King Safety and tempo, to
compare each possible position and
make the best choice which step is the
best way to make advantage for itself
and cause trouble for opponent. (IBM,
n.d.) And symbolic logic provide
intelligence machine the “language” to
receive and express message (similar to
symbol in math). For example, logical
symbol “∀” means “for all”, “⇒” means
“implies” and “∃” mean “there exists”.
Then machine can know and can
use these symbols, instead of something
like ”all of”, “both”, “each”,
“then”, ”therefore”, ”so” or even “bcz”.
These symbols can standardize the
information machine receive, which
makes calculation and other
sophisticate processes possible. And
then responses and acts naturally
(Nilsson, 1994). And on the other hand,
language is the most efficient way to
study. Trace back to thousands years
ago, our ancestors kept records by tying
knots, which are very low-efficient
strategy, just because they don’t have
language. Therefore, these symbols also
provide the possibility for AI to study.
By Jeff Dooley
Cybernetics
Cybernetics is a different
decisions just like human can be flexible
direction. Rolf Pfeifer said that thoughts
to the effects of environment (Rolf
can influence our bodies; meanwhile
Pfeifer, 2007). However, information is
body can influence our thoughts (Rolf
not just 010110101, or even natural
Pfeifer, 2007). Simple example, people
language.
ride bike more carefully after they have
a fall (personal experience!).
Information have various shapes, like
Cybernetics is the course what
color, sound, movement, tactile
researches the communication between
impression, and even the atmosphere of
two or multiple systems and how
certain situation (even some people
interactions preform in the whole
can’t notice!). So, they are too abstract
system contain all of them. The
for computer (TUGUI, 2004).
naissance of AI cannot be separated
from Cybernetics. From the article
written by Rolf Pfeifer, he states that AI
is not an independent system. There are
lots of interactions between machines
Simulation
The last theory is simulation, in a
and surrounding, so AI can respond to
biologic way. Simulation aims to
the information it received then make
simulate human brain by writing a
program or even construct an exact
Bibliography
machine which has the similar physic
Buchanan, B. G. (2005). A(Very) Brief
structure to human brain. Biology act
History of Artificial Intelligence. AI
the main role in this theory, and the
Magazine, p. 53.
extremely advanced knowledge in
biology is really necessary. In this case,
Artificial intelligence might become
Gianmarco Veruggio, F. O. (2008).
Roboethics: Social and Ethical Implications
of Robotics. In F. O. Gianmarco Veruggio,
Bruno Siciliano, Oussama Khatib (p. 1499).
“less artificial”. It can be regarded as the
Springer.
spread of Neuroscience (Potter, 2007).
IBM. (n.d.). How Deep Blue Work. Retrieved
However, when a new invention was
from IBM:
born in this world, it always bring some
https://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/
problems us. So does artificial
meet/html/d.3.2.html
intelligence. What is the definition of
Müller, V. C. (2013). Philosophy and theory
human? Human shape, intelligence, or
of artificial intelligence. New York: Springer.
life? When artificial intelligence become
Nilsson, N. J. (1994). Logic and artificial
truth. How could we classify the “person”
you chat with online is a real person in
front of screen, or just a computer
intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 31.
Potter, S. M. (2007). What Can AI Get from
Neuroscience? Retrieved from NeuroLab:
http://www.neurolab.gatech.edu/wp/wp-
program? AI can’t be just be simple
content/uploads/potter/publications/Potter
described as a human-like machine.
-NeuroscienceForAIchapter.pdf
Once machine obtain intelligence, it also
Rolf Pfeifer, J. B. (2007). How the Body
obtain emotion, and what we call
Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of
“heart”. Therefore, people will doubt
Intelligence. MIT Press.
how to treat AI. A tool just for service,
TUGUI, A. (2004, December). REFLECTIONS
or a real “human” with human right,
ON THE LIMITS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.
more precisely, “robot rights”
Retrieved from ubiquity:
(Gianmarco Veruggio, 2008). At the
start of this article, there are some
movies mention AI. So, if movies mirror
the future, AI appears as a little girl with
eyes full of curiosity. How ruthless a
person could be to regard she/it as a
laboratory rat?! That’s what scientists
should also deliberate.
http://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=104
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