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Writing: 1150-014 Final Project 2ed Draft Artificial Intelligence Jiahao Cao This article will discuss what artificial intelligence is and the major directions of development. Using common examples to demonstrate the application of AI in real life and some issue might appear with it. The audiences I want to target is the public and students, who are interested in AI but only have blurry opinions about it (actually, it’s blurry). This essay might tell them if they want to engage in the works about AI, there are more than one way (computer science) are able to choose. This project faces public and without academic terms, so I might choose magazine as my genre with images. “Artificial Intelligence is perhaps unique among engineering subjects in that it has raised very basic questions about the nature of computing, perception, reasoning, learning, language, action, interaction, consciousness, humankind, life etc.” Müller, Vincent C. and brains. However, no Breakthrough can be achieved overnight. Real world is not a binary system which only have two state – 0 (wrong) and 1 (correct). Curiosity is one of the most And it is also not a one-to-one effective incentives that promote relationship, therefore, there are always human to discover this vast world, multiple choices in life, especially in the which fill with uncertainties and fields people are not familiar with yet. variations. With the revolutionary And so does what I have mentioned developments on natural sciences and here – the investigation in human self. humanities, people start to feel curious There are various theories in this topic about what is the implicit power which that people holds, and most of them are construct such unique and highly highly controversial, which makes this developed society in this lifeless and topic more intriguing. The specific one silent universe. And the answer is that we’ll discuss in this article is just simple, human self – the most one of these complicated problems, or unparalleled species with such powerful we can say it’s the combination of these intelligence. In recent decades, the fields – the Artificial intelligence. Like population of researchers engaged in Müller said: “Artificial Intelligence is this field has increased rapidly, they perhaps unique among engineering have made lots of progress to find the subjects in that it has raised very basic path to recognize the ego, and all questions about the nature of magical reactions happen in our bodies computing, perception, reasoning, learning, language, action, interaction, understand for public. Artificial consciousness, humankind, life etc.” intelligence is a major topic in movies. (Müller, 2013) Every disciplines can find For instance, the made by James Cameron, the A.I. Artificial Intelligence made by Steven Spielberg and WALL•E made by Andrew Stanton. It is safe to bet that almost all Sci-fi Movies mention Artificial Intelligence, more or less. You see what! AI bring entertainment to us! Well, just a joke. These movie-examples only show how people curious about it. But there are some real applications of AI. If we define AI in broad sense, no matter whether people noticed it or not, AI has already been used in every corners in our life. When people set up the alarm for next day by talking to Siri (I always do that, but it look like Siri cannot recognize my accent correctly), or using its own role in the AI since every google to find what the information subjects are asserted by people, and the they desire to know. Both of them are research on AI can be regard as the the acquisitions through research AI. investigation on human self. WALL•E made by Andrew Stanton OK, we got that AI is everywhere in our life, and it can help people to do something, like set alarm at least. But what exactly is AI? The first thing AI is such an advanced topic. appears in everybody’s brain may be a However, does it really matter in computer, or a robot. Computer, yes, everyday life? Or just one of the people use computer in almost every sophisticated toys that belongs to field nowadays. From photo share, scientists? However, AI is not a “spring music composition, to the planet snow” – an ancient Chinese phrase movement simulation or DNA sequence which means a thing is too highbrow to analysis. For sure, these programs are not grow form soil and then framer harvest them, they are artificial. But we can only say it “artificial expertise” and not intelligence because the lack of abilities to be adjustable about errors (John, 1988). Artificial intelligence is a really complex study which only has a blurry profile. It aims to discover the secret of human beings and natural thoughts, then try to figure out how to fulfill it by using a computer (Buchanan, 2005). The description may sound too abstract and difficult to know. However, this is what AI is, at least recently. AI need flexibility when it compute (or think/consider). And so does the ability to study unknown stuff instead of get a fixed response to each certain command. In this case, it is hard to figure out what the eventual goal of AI is. However, fortunately, scientists are the group of people who like difficulty. Due to their progress, multifarious theories in Artificial intelligence have been asserted. Each of these theories has their own consideration and feasibility. Therefore, it’s impossible to point out that which one is the accurate path people should choose. And actually, there is no one accurate fully since “there is no one-toone relationship in real world”. Symbolic logic and algorithm Let’s start with algorithm and symbolic logic. Algorithm is relevant closely to computer science – computer cannot even exist without algorithm. Deep Blue, one of the most famous machine about AI, created by IBM. Deep Blue is a chess-play machine which defeated the best human player in this world. The intelligence of Deep Blue is given by algorithm. Through analyzing four basic chess values: material, position, King Safety and tempo, to compare each possible position and make the best choice which step is the best way to make advantage for itself and cause trouble for opponent. (IBM, n.d.) And symbolic logic provide intelligence machine the “language” to receive and express message (similar to symbol in math). For example, logical symbol “∀” means “for all”, “⇒” means “implies” and “∃” mean “there exists”. Then machine can know and can use these symbols, instead of something like ”all of”, “both”, “each”, “then”, ”therefore”, ”so” or even “bcz”. These symbols can standardize the information machine receive, which makes calculation and other sophisticate processes possible. And then responses and acts naturally (Nilsson, 1994). And on the other hand, language is the most efficient way to study. Trace back to thousands years ago, our ancestors kept records by tying knots, which are very low-efficient strategy, just because they don’t have language. Therefore, these symbols also provide the possibility for AI to study. By Jeff Dooley Cybernetics Cybernetics is a different decisions just like human can be flexible direction. Rolf Pfeifer said that thoughts to the effects of environment (Rolf can influence our bodies; meanwhile Pfeifer, 2007). However, information is body can influence our thoughts (Rolf not just 010110101, or even natural Pfeifer, 2007). Simple example, people language. ride bike more carefully after they have a fall (personal experience!). Information have various shapes, like Cybernetics is the course what color, sound, movement, tactile researches the communication between impression, and even the atmosphere of two or multiple systems and how certain situation (even some people interactions preform in the whole can’t notice!). So, they are too abstract system contain all of them. The for computer (TUGUI, 2004). naissance of AI cannot be separated from Cybernetics. From the article written by Rolf Pfeifer, he states that AI is not an independent system. There are lots of interactions between machines Simulation The last theory is simulation, in a and surrounding, so AI can respond to biologic way. Simulation aims to the information it received then make simulate human brain by writing a program or even construct an exact Bibliography machine which has the similar physic Buchanan, B. G. (2005). A(Very) Brief structure to human brain. Biology act History of Artificial Intelligence. AI the main role in this theory, and the Magazine, p. 53. extremely advanced knowledge in biology is really necessary. In this case, Artificial intelligence might become Gianmarco Veruggio, F. O. (2008). Roboethics: Social and Ethical Implications of Robotics. In F. O. Gianmarco Veruggio, Bruno Siciliano, Oussama Khatib (p. 1499). “less artificial”. It can be regarded as the Springer. spread of Neuroscience (Potter, 2007). IBM. (n.d.). How Deep Blue Work. Retrieved However, when a new invention was from IBM: born in this world, it always bring some https://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/ problems us. So does artificial meet/html/d.3.2.html intelligence. What is the definition of Müller, V. C. (2013). Philosophy and theory human? Human shape, intelligence, or of artificial intelligence. New York: Springer. life? When artificial intelligence become Nilsson, N. J. (1994). Logic and artificial truth. How could we classify the “person” you chat with online is a real person in front of screen, or just a computer intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 31. Potter, S. M. (2007). What Can AI Get from Neuroscience? Retrieved from NeuroLab: http://www.neurolab.gatech.edu/wp/wp- program? AI can’t be just be simple content/uploads/potter/publications/Potter described as a human-like machine. -NeuroscienceForAIchapter.pdf Once machine obtain intelligence, it also Rolf Pfeifer, J. B. (2007). How the Body obtain emotion, and what we call Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of “heart”. Therefore, people will doubt Intelligence. MIT Press. how to treat AI. A tool just for service, TUGUI, A. (2004, December). REFLECTIONS or a real “human” with human right, ON THE LIMITS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. more precisely, “robot rights” Retrieved from ubiquity: (Gianmarco Veruggio, 2008). At the start of this article, there are some movies mention AI. So, if movies mirror the future, AI appears as a little girl with eyes full of curiosity. How ruthless a person could be to regard she/it as a laboratory rat?! That’s what scientists should also deliberate. http://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=104 1064