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Islam What do you know about Islam? Classic Mr Briggs fast facts! Probably the most talked about religion, but one we (us) know the least about ● Women and men are equal in Islam: "Each of you is equal to the other" (Qur’an). It is true that inequalities exist in many Muslim societies, but it is also true that gender inequalities exist in many non-Muslim societies as well. ● Islam shares many religious figures and historical events with Judaism and Christianity. Muslims greatly respect Jesus. He is considered a prophet in Islam. ● Islam is a religion of peace. The Quran mentions "the paths of peace" and states that God dislikes any disturbance of peace. There has been a fatwa (a religious decree) speaking directly against terrorism, stating they are evil and have no place in Islam. People who perpetuate violence in the name of Islam are no more true to their faith than Christians who blow up abortion clinics. A Brief History of pre-Islamic religion and society in the region Pre-Islamic beliefs: Polytheism - belief in many gods Idolatry - worship of objects or pictures, represents specific spiritual quality. ● Pre-Islamic Belief that the Ka’bah was filled with idols. Society ● Ka’bah = a cube-shaped building that Abraham built to honour God. Part of pilgrimage, prayer, and ritual. ● Who was Abraham? We’ll get to that in just a sec’. ● Idols act as a reflection of polytheism in Arabia. ● Believed that idols grant good fortune and success; protection from enemies and disasters. What was life like in Arabia? We’re talking 570 CE (Common Era) and earlier ● Social Systems: ● Many nomadic tribes - nomadic = A person with no settled home, who moves from place to place as a way of obtaining food or making a living. ● tribes to clans to alliances to rivalries ● What roles do you think men, women, and children played in this sort of society? Social Systems - Bedouin Nomads What do you notice in the picture? Shelter Groupings Dress Oh I come from a land, from a faraway place Where the caravan camels roam Where it's flat and immense And the heat is intense It's barbaric, but hey, it's home Economic Systems ● Makkan merchants traveled along with nomads. ● Danger of raids and attacks because of resources. ● Sometimes raided other caravans to forge alliances. Why? ● Revenge and honour killings seen as form of justice. Now let’s get Into Islam! Main prophet is Muhammad, born in 570 CE. City of Makkah was largest in area. Still practicing Polytheism. Muhammad Born to tribe of Quraysh, most respected tribe in Makkah (Mecca). Both parents die before he reaches age 6. Cared for by grandfather and uncle, leaders of Quraysh tribe. As a youth Traveled with uncle as a merchant. Traveled to far off lands away from homeland. Met with many different spiritual leaders. As a young man Started to show a preference for monotheism. Saw Idolatry as superstition and amoral. Spent time away from city and business to meditate and try to find solutions. (sound familiar?) Married a young woman named Khadija. They would often give away wealth to the sick and poor. Revelation This is where the ‘religion’ starts. In 610, meditating in a cave on Mount Hira. Muhammad meets the Angel Gabriel. Aren’t these Christian or Jewish names? Abraham? Angel Gabriel? Yes The ‘Big Three’ monotheistic religions share some common names, places, and events. Religion, religion everywhere According to the narrative of Islam, God (Allah) sent many prophets to guide humanity (over 140, 000). pg. 323 in text Starts with Adam and goes from there. -In this regard, Jesus is accepted in Islam, as are other elements of the Jewish and Christian narrative. Back to the Revelation After three embraces and three requests from the Angel Gabriel, Muhammad reads a passage that is then burned into his heart. For the next 23 years, he receives revelations. These would be assembled by scribes and form the Qur’an. The Qur’an Holy text for Muslims. Chapters are called suras and verses are called ayahs. Transmitted by God through Muhammad and noted by scribes. Incorporates Jewish and Christian narratives. 2:136 We believe in Allah, and the revelation given to us, and to Abraham, Isma'il, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, and that given to Moses and Jesus, and that given to (all) prophets from their Lord: We make no difference between one and another of them ... “Muhammad (PBUH) is not the father of any man among you, but He is Messenger of Allah and the last of the Prophets. And Allah is Ever AllAware of everything." (Surah Ahzaab Ch33 V40)” “Allah will not give mercy to anyone, except those who give mercy to other creatures.” Back AGAIN to the Revelations Muhammad would frequently return to Makkah to share his messages with anyone who would listen. Spoke in favour of monotheism and against idolatry. The Quraysh saw him as a threat to their social, political, and economic status. Muhammad on the Move Wife and uncle died in 619. “Year of Sorrow” God instructed him to move to Yathrib in 622 CE in order to protect his life. City would eventually be named Madinah alNabi, “City of the Prophet.” Becomes large epicentre of Muslims, those who follow the teachings of Muhammad. Trouble’s-a brewin’ Madinah united under Islam and Quraysh of Makkah under idolatry. What do you think is going to happen? Jihad Sometimes translated as “holy War,” better translation is “Struggle.” Three large battles: Badr, Uhud, Battle of the Trench. Muhammad and Madinah win each time. Conversion to Islam grew as Muhammad and Madinah start to be seen as a militarily and socially successful state. Muhammad would win over all of Makkah and appoint a chief. So now not only is Muhammad a up-and-coming religious prophet, but he also became a respected leader and military officer. In this way he is different from Jesus, Buddha, and other religious figures. Continued his life by spreading Islam and preaching in a mosque. Mosque is a place of worship for Muslims. Muhammad dies of a fever in 632 at the age of 63. Beliefs Not dictated to convert others to religion. God’s proper name is Allah. Similarities to the God of Christianity and Judaism. - omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent. The ‘proper’ belief of Allah should lend itself to personal, economic, political, and religious life. Practices, Rituals, Festivals, and Symbols Pillars of faith Shahadah: Declaration of faith Announcement to the world that they sincerely believe in and follow the Qur’an Salat: Mandatory prayer five times daily takes place before dawn, mid-day, late afternoon, after sunset, and after dark Zakat: Mandatory almsgiving A person should give alms (donation) valued at 2.5 per cent of their surplus wealth Sawm: Mandatory fasting For the entire month of Ramadan, Muslims do not eat or drink from dawn to dusk Haji: Mandatory pilgrimage to Makkah Pilgrims throw pebbles and three pillars that represent Satan Mosques Every Friday afternoon, Muslims worship at a mosque. Most feature domes and tall towers called minarets from which prayer is issued from a loudspeaker. (remember the video from our first class?) Steady flow of water in order to perform Wudu, washing hands and arms in order for a clean prayer. Muslims take off shoes before entering to show respect. Women and men pray in separate chambers to avoid distraction and concentrate on prayer. Prayers are led by an imam. Symbols Muhammad stated that people should not revere pictures or sculptures of animals or humans, so these are not present in places of worship. It was Allah who created the world and it would be wrong to try and make imitations. So they create stylized texts and geometric patterns. Birth, Death, and Everything In the Middle Children are born free of sin and with an inclination towards goodness and virtue. The Adhan is performed after a child’s birth, same call to prayer spoken from minarets. They are then washed and the prayer is whispered. Marriage Like in many cases, marriage has religious and social implications. Weddings are not arranged. They are usually paid for by the parents, but the details are decided on by the bride and groom. No religious officials needed for officiation, but must be witnessed by two Muslims. Polygamy Something we might find strange in our life, but can be found all over the world in many different contexts. Sometimes it can be a positive for everyone involved, and sometimes not… just like anything else, really. Men can have up to four wives. Under 2% of Muslim marriages are polygamous. Decreed after the Battle of Uhud, in which many Muslim men were killed, leaving widows and orphans. As we can see, historical context is important for religious beliefs and behaviours. Death Belief in Heaven and Hell. After they die, they are visited by two angels you question them about their life and faith on earth - screening for entry into Heaven or Hell. Branches within Islam Three main branches: Sunni, Shi’ah, and Sufi 85% of Muslim pop. is Sunni. Shi-ahs have political voice in Iraq, East Africa, and India. Sufi’s emphasize sincerity through frequent prayer and dancing. Islam, Development, and Science Grew into Africa and Asia after Muhammad’s death. During middle-ages, beacon of science, mathematics, and engineering. Studied aspects of all conquered cultures. Why? Saw world as God’s perfect creation, so its study could not go against the Qur’an. Also wanted to avoid invasions. Muslims in Canada Immigrants for Arabic countries attracted to Canada because of Gold Rush, farming, and building the CPR. Academic interest during mid-century. Now up to 650 000 Muslims in Canada. Many African-Canadians and African-Americans were drawn to Islam during the Civil-Rights movement. Any guesses as to why? “There were tens of thousands of pilgrims, from all over the world. They were of all colors, from blue-eyed blonds to black-skinned Africans. But we were all participating in the same ritual, displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood that my experiences in America had led me to believe never could exist between the white and non-white. America needs to understand Islam, because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem. Throughout my travels in the Muslim world, I have met, talked to, and even eaten with people who in America would have been considered 'white'--but the 'white' attitude was removed from their minds by the religion of Islam. I have never before seen sincere and true brotherhood practiced by all colors together, irrespective of their color.” "I am and always will be a Muslim. My religion is Islam." "I am not a racist in any form whatsoever. I don't believe in any form of discrimination or segregation. I believe in Islam. I am a Muslim and there is nothing wrong with being a Muslim, nothing wrong with the religion of Islam. It just teaches us to believe in Allah as the God. Those of you who are Christian probably believe in the same God, because I think you believe in the God Who created the universe. That's the One we believe in, the One Who created universe--the only difference being you call Him God and we call Him Allah. The Jews call Him Jehovah. If you could understand Hebrew, you would probably call Him Jehovah too. If you could understand Arabic, you would probably call Him Allah...." - Malcolm X Remember that Islam draws upon the Jewish and Christian narratives and sees them all as true and Good. Islam today What do we see in the media? B’ys with beards flying planes into buildings, hate freedom, women, democracy, and anything fun. This idea as we know it started after Cold War ended “Islamophobia” September 11th, 2001 3,500 deaths of Coalition Military in Afghanistan 22, 000 Afghan deaths; also from after-effects of war 4, 807 deaths from Coalition Military in Iraq 111, 000 Iraqi deaths; also from after-effects of war 141, 307 men, women, and children have been killed in these wars. The worst thing most of these people did was pray for peace. But if events like this can happen, then so can Taken during the Arab Spring, a series of events like these: revolutions and demonstrations that started in 2010. A group of Christians joined hands and faced out surrounding hundreds of Muslims protesters left vulnerable as they knelt in prayer. These Christians and Muslims may have some different beliefs, but if we act on a desire for peace over prejudice , then it is behaviour that we should concern ourselves with. Malala Yousafzai 17 year old woman from Pakistan. Fights against Taliban and promotes the right for women to attend school in Pakistan and around the world. Malala herself is a Sunni Muslim. We often here that Muslims are against the right’s of women, but remember, there is a difference between beliefs and behaviours. - ‘Islamophobia’ The Qur’an promotes peace, it is through political agendas that texts can get warped. Remember the ‘Golden Age’ we talked about? http://youtu.be/R6VQpB4k GtQ?t=1h13m19s What Mr. Briggs is all about