Download The Jin Dynasty (265

11/15/2011
From 220 CE to 1279 CE
Three Kingdoms (220-280 CE)
 190-220 CE: End of the Han Dynasty
 fighting between warlords
 220-263 CE: China was split between the kingdoms of Wei, Shu,
and Wu.
 Each ruled by an “emperor” who claimed to be a descendent of the
Han.
 more stable due arrangements between the three states.
 Technological advances of the period: wheelbarrow, hydraulicpowered mechanical puppet theater, a form of water pump irrigation,
a non magnetic compass.
 263-280 CE: Violent Warfare between the kingdoms.
 A new kingdom- the Jin Dynasty - won.
 One of the bloodiest eras in Chinese history.
 Large percentage of the population wiped out or left.


Early Han: 50 million
Population census of Jin Dynasty : 16 million
The Jin Dynasty (265-420 CE)
 Divided into two periods
 Western Jin (265-316 CE): Brief period
of unity.


Fell to nomadic invasions.
Part of the court that survived fled to the
Southeast
 Eastern Jin (317-420 CE)


104 years of military and internal crises
Many emperors, all failures or murdered.
 Technological advances due to
warfare

The Stirrup for cavalry
1
11/15/2011
Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589 CE)
 Politically: age of civil war and political disunity
 Northern dynasty: strong cavalry – open plains
 Southern dynasty: strong navy on the Yangtze River – hilly
country
 Culturally: time of advancement for upper class
 poetry, calligraphy, painting, music, medicine, astronomy,
mathematics, cartography, etc.
 Chinese Buddhism shaped in this time period
 Integrates Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism.
 Chinese Pagodas gain popularity for storing Buddhist
scripture
 Time period of sinicization of non-Chinese arrivals
in the north and tribal peoples in the South
 Many northern Chinese migrated to the South
 Ended when the first emperor of the Sui dynasty built a
navy to overcome the South and reunify China.
The Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE)





Founded by Emperor Wen (only 2 emperors)
Capital at Xi’an
Reunification of North and South
Construction of the Grand Canal
Reforms





Centralized Gov’t
Defense improved (Great Wall expanded)
Coinage standardized and re-unified
Buddhism spread and encouraged as a unifying force
Land equalization system started in Sui

your book discusses in in Tang.
 Compare to Qin dynasty! (short lived & large demands on
people)
 Taxes, obligatory labor
 Resources overstretched (Great Wall, Grand Canal,
expensive wars which led to their defeat)
2
11/15/2011
Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
 Highpoint of Chinese Civilization (equal to or better than the
Han Dynasty)
 Period of progress and stability until latter half of dynasty
 Golden age of urban culture.
 How/why did cities grow according to you book??
 Cities were large & diverse due to Silk Road. Many religions &
nationalities within.
 Capital at Xi’an (Chang’an) with secondary capital at Luoyang
 Huge population = 50 million
 Allowed for professional and drafted army of several hundred
thousand.
 Greatest age of Chinese poetry, painting, historical literature
 Inventions: wood block printing, pendulum clock, book of
medicines, improvements in cartography, application of
hydraulics to power air conditioning fans!
Tang Dynasty at its highest point
Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
 Used the same civil service exam and bureaucracy system as
early dynasties
 How did the Tang assure the loyalty of their officials??
 Destroyed by rise of military governors in the 9th century
 Improved life for peasants
 “equal field system” - same as Sui
 Early territorial expansion = more land than Han Dynasty
 Various kingdoms & states paid tribute to the Tang court
 Where, according to your text?
 Buddhism was primary religion, but was targeted at the end
of the Tang dynasty. Why??
 End of Tang – military rebellion due to poor leadership ,
northern border raids, & revolts.
 After the Tang dynasty China divided for about 50 years.
A disturbing tradition started in the Tang Dynasty, Lotus Feet
 Started towards the end of the Tang Dynasty (early
10th c.) and continued into the 20th century.
 Origin uncertain
 Trend due to tiny feet of a favored concubine?
 empress with club like feet that became popular?
 First popular among the wealthy elite of the north
 By Qing Dynasty practiced by all but poorest
 Necessary for a good marriage.
Gansu
 The process
 Young girls (aged 3-11) feet wrapped in tight bandages
to prevent normal growth & development
 Feet would break at the arch and not grown more than
4-6 inches
 4 toes would break leaving only the big toe intact
 Arch had to be well developed for the perfect 3 inch
lotus foot (The Golden Lotus)
 Over 4 inches = Silver Lotus
3
11/15/2011
Lotus Feet
Foot binding in China
Not just the Chinese (to be fair)
 The results
 Feet stayed small in adulthood but prone to
infection, paralysis, muscular atrophy

Intense pain was common, bones broke easily =
lotus gait (unsteady walk)
 Women could do no strenuous labor or walk far
distances without aid. Also could not escape
abusive husbands.
 Could still do household chores, prepare meals
Americans Today
 Opponents
 Some spoke out as early as the Song Dynasty
Europeans
 The Qing Dynasty (Manchu) forbid foot binding
among its women.
 Banned in 1911 by the Republic of China (under
threat of death) and was strictly continued by
the People’s Republic of China in 1949.
The Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
 Emperor Taizu used warfare & diplomacy to reunify China.
 Most did not want disunity & war.
 Gave up far away territories.
 Neo-Confucianism
 Changes to Trade
 First Chinese gov’t to create a permanent standing Navy.
Burma/ Thailand/ S.
African Ndebele people.
The Northern Song
 What inventions did they use? Who did they trade with?
 611 Grand Canal Completed (creation of lock system added by
Song)
 First gov’t in the world to issue paper money, sophisticated
banking developed, credit extended
 Song Divided into 2 distinct periods (Northern & Southern
Song)
4
11/15/2011
The Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
Northern Song (960-1127 CE)
The Southern Song
 Capital at modern Kaifeng (then Bianjing) see previous map
 Several cities with populations of 1,000,000
 Controlled most of inner China
 New variety of Rice from Vietnam & better irrigation
 population growth; 100 million people
 Rich cultural life
 Spread of literature and knowledge due to movable type
printing
 Science, philosophy, mathematics, & engineering flourished
 New inventions??
The Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
Southern Song (1127-1279 CE)
 Song lost control of Northern China to northern border
group (Jurchen, ancestors of Manchus) who called
themselves the Jin Dynasty (different from previous one)
 Moved capital to Yangtze R. valley in South – Hangzhou
 Described in your book. Visited by Marco Polo during Yuan
dynasty.
 Lost Yellow River Valley
 Most agricultural lands were in the south & 60% of population.
 Increased size of navy for protection and exploration
 Military use of gun powder but not much.
 Conquered by Kublai Khan’s army in 1279, starting the Yuan
Dynasty (1271-1368).
5