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First Age of Empires 1570 -200 BCE New Kingdom of Egypt (1570-1075 BCE) • more wealth and power • Valley of the Kings – New burial site for pharaohs • Queen Hatshepsut reigned 1472-1458 BCE • Encouraged trade • Step-son, Thutmose III becomes pharaoh – War-like ruler – Led invasions into Palestine, Syria, and Nubia – Expanded territory – Gained much wealth & new technology Ramses II -Last powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom -fought in the Battle of Kadesh -resulted in peace treaty between the Egyptians and Hittites During Egyptian rule, nobles from Nubia sent their children to Egyptian cities & when they returned, they brought Egyptian culture back to Nubia -religion -literature/hieroglyphics -customs Kingdom of Kush & the Nubians -Egypt slowly crumbles after Ramses II -Libya takes over -Nubians tried to push out the Libyan rulers & return Egyptian culture -defeated the Libyans in 751 BCE under the Kushite King Piankhi -He ruled Egypt & Nubia -Nubians saw selves as the guardians of the Egyptian values Meroe -major city of Kush -golden age through trade in Africa, Arabia, and India 671 BCE – Kushites lose Egypt to Assyrians & retreat back to Nubia Assyrians • Military power – – – – – Ladders Iron weapons Tunnels Brutal tactics Mass deportation • Controlled empire through military power, taxes, & making the provinces dependent upon the Assyrians Persians • Origin = modern-day Iran • Cyrus – First king of Persian Empire – Expanded territory • Honored local customs & religions • Granted certain freedoms to subject peoples • Showed kindness towards conquered people Persian Rule • Dynasty rule • Satraps – Governor of a province within the empire – Carried out the laws of the King • Inspectors – “King’s eyes & ears” – Ensured satrap’s loyalty • Royal Road – 1,677 miles long road connecting empire • Standardized money Zoroaster • Persian prophet & religious reformer • Developed Zoroastrianism – Religion based on a final judgement • Goodness=ascend to paradise • Evil=doomed to the underworld Persian Legacy • Tolerance • Strong government – Satraps • Roads • Zoroasterianism China • Under the Zhou Dynasty, during the Warring Period, several philosophies developed – Confucius – Laozi – Legalism – Yin and Yang Confucius • Believed social order, harmony, and good government could be restored if society was organized around 5 basic relationships. – – – – 1) ruler & subject 2) father & son 3) husband & wife 4) older brother & younger brother – 5) friend & friend Laozi • Do not strive for fame, power, or wisdom • Follow the “Dao” or way – Daoism • Humans are the only thing in nature that has to argue between right and wrong – Which is pointless Legalism • Government should use the law to end civil disorder and restore harmony • Stressed punishment more than rewards Yin and Yang • Yin = represents earth, female, and passive • Yang = represents heaven, male, and active • Together = represents natural rhythms of life and complement each other Qin Dynasty (221-202 BCE) • Legalist • Autocracy rule – Unlimited powers for the “emperor” • Halted internal battles and crushed resistance – Killed hundreds of Confucian scholars – Burned the “useless” books of Confucian ideas • Defeated invaders • Seized land and uprooted the nobles to the capital city – He can keep an eye on them – He took their land • Forced labor on roads, irrigation systems, and the Great Wall of China • Standardized weights & measurements Results of the Qin Dynasty • • • • Wealth in trade Increased farming production Kept out invaders Unified China Unified China came at the expense of what? http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=RsUEZtcUFg