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PERCEPTUAL Motor Development What is Perception: The Organization and Interpretation of Sensations Which then governs our actions Perception Described Perception involves the conscious organization of sensory stimuli. (Core) It is the process by which we make stimulus into information which is meaningful. (Context) It has VALIDITY (useful/ redundant) & QUALITY (important/ priority) It becomes the shorthand for interpretation of more and more stimuli Good perception is that which makes quick and correct judgments in directing actions Perceiving Stage of Action During this phase, an athlete is attempting to establish what is happening and distinguish what information is applicable or valid. For example, a basketball player just received the ball and must now decipher a series of factors including the position of both teammates and opponents on the court, the player's own position as it relates to the rest of the players as well as the basket and the stage of the game in relation to the score. Proficient players are able to sort through the key information quickly and separate it from other stimulus. Perceptual Motor Development To perform we rely on our SENSES Increasing age children better able to process complex information Perceptual learning: process of increased efficiency process of distinguishing finer discrimination speed of execution (fluency) Development involves Changes in perceptual components Shift in Hierarchy of dominant sensory system Increase in inter-sensory communication Sensory Integration Accompanying discrimination improvement in intra-sensory Sensory Receptors Exteroceptors: sensory receptors that respond to light, sound, smell, touch, pain, etc., to create conscious sensation. Proprioceptors: sensory receptors that respond to joint movement (kinesthesia) and joint position (joint position sense), but do not typically contribute to conscious sensation. Clarkson University Master of Physical Therapy Program Sensory receptors mediating prioprioception are found in skin, muscles, joints, ligaments and tendons. Clarkson University Master of Physical Therapy Program AFFERENT INPUT LEVELS OF MOTOR CONTROL Peripheral afferents •joint •muscle •skin Spinal reflexes CNS Visual receptors Vestibular receptors Cognitive programming MUSCLE Brain Stem balance From Lephart SM, Henry TJ. 1996 Clarkson University Master of Physical Therapy Program A Model of Perceptual Development Rappaport Proprioception - detection Preceptual - meaning Perceptual - mental images Conceptual - abstractions Cognitive - general rules Visual Sensory Information Perceptual Acuity Perceptual Constancy (& Permanence) (11) Size, Shape, Color, etc. Airplane in the Sky Different angles, different lights Space or gap (children overestimate far away) Depth Perception (8-10) How well can a child see? Rapid Improvement until 10 (max) Figure Ground – locate & focus embedded object Develops in spurts Perception of Moving Objects (early) Tracking objects Prediction (late development, experts vs novices) Perception of Body & Body Awareness Infants notice difference between self and environment Naming Body parts Laterality – distinguish two sides of body 5 year – 80% eyes, 50% eyebrows 12 year - 100% accurate 3- 4 year - Left & Right Label – back/ front, up/ down 7 year – fully developed Directionality – movement in space A Model of Perceptual Development Rappaport Proprioception - recognition of magnitude awareness Preceptual - meaning, associate with percepts particular event Perceptual - mental images, combining percepts, meaningful whole Conceptual concepts - categorize and organize associated with tasks (jumping) Cognitive - know what particular movement feels like and circumstances which produced under Development Depth of processing model More intense, more question, more repetition Better we become, perception then becomes Automatic (lacks full awareness) Perception Core - sensitivity to the varying degrees and subtleties Context – circumstances under which it used, and its meanings Perception I’m not waving (core) I’m (context) drowning
