Download Unit 2 brain, sensation, and states of consciousness

Unit 2 exam review sheet: 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, & 5
Biological Bases of Behavior
I. What are biological psychologists and what do they study?
II. What are the parts of a neuron?
A. What is the process of information being passed through neurons
B. What is the process of information being passed from neuron to neuron
C. Neurotransmitters and their functions: Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin,
Norepinephrine, GABA, Glutamate, Endorphins
1. What disorders/diseases are associated with overabundance or lack of each
neurotransmitter
2. Agonists versus antagonists
III. The nervous system
A. What are the different parts and their functions
IV. How does the endocrine system work?
A. What is the difference between a hormone and neurotransmitter?
V. What are the different tools used to study the brain and how do they work?
VI. Know the different parts of the brain, where they are located, and the main functions of
each brain structure
A. Know the structure of the cortex and what each lobe specializes in
B. Language: Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
VII. Brain plasticity: constraint-induced therapy
VIII. The effects of a split brain
IX. What does the right and left side of the brain specialize in?
X. Dual processing: conscious left brain, intuitive right brain
A. Two-track mind: visual perception track & visual action track
XI. Behavior genetics: heredity versus the environment
A. Chromosome, DNA, Genes (active/expressed vs. inactive), genome
B. Twins and adoption studies: identical twins and fraternal twins, adoption studies
1. Criticisms of twin studies
XII. Heritability
XIII. Gene-environment interaction: interact
XIV. Molecular genetics
XV. Evolutionary psychology: natural selection (mutation)
A. Evolutionary explanation of gender differences in sexuality, natural selection and
mating preferences
Unit 2 exam review sheet: 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, & 5
Be able to label the parts of the brain:
Unit 2 exam review sheet: 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, & 5
Sensation and Perception
I. Difference between sensation and perception
II. Top down and bottom up processing, how do we use them?
III. How does selective attention impact our daily lives?
A. Cocktail party effect
B. Change deafness
C. Inattentional blindness
IV. Signal Detection Theory
V. Opponent Process theory
VI. Absolute Threshold
VII.
Subliminal Message
A. Priming
VIII.
Difference Threshold (Just noticeable difference)
A. Weber’s Law
IX. Sensory Adaptation
X. Vision:
A. Process of sight (light entering –> the brain)
B. Eye quivering – sensory adaptation
C. Wavelength
D. Electromagnetic
E. Hue
F. Parts of eye – functions
G. Accommodation
H. Rods and Cones
I. Blind Spot
J. How is visual information processed in the brain?
1. Feature detectors
2. Parallel processing
K. Supercell clusters
L. Blindsight
M. Transduction
N. Young-Helmholtz vs. the Opponent-process theory (which one is used to describe
color vision)
O. Trichromatic theory
XI. Hearing:
A. Parts of the ear – sequence sound travels through ear
B. Amplitude and frequency
C. Place theory vs. Frequency theory
Unit 2 exam review sheet: 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, & 5
D.
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XIV.
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XV.
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XVI.
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Sound waves and locating sounds
Cochlea: perceiving loudness and loud sounds (how loud is too loud?)
Conduction hearing loss – what is it & what causes it
Locating sounds: stereophonic hearing and localization of sound
Sensorineural hearing loss
Deaf culture
Touch
Kinesthesis
Vestibular sense
Semicircular canals
Noriceptors
Biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on pain
1. Gate-control theory
Reduction in pain – endorphins
Phantom limb
Biopsychosocial approach to sensation and perception
Taste
Taste buds
Taste & Flavor
Age and taste
McGurk effect & sensory interaction
Smell
How do we experience smell?
Who has the best sense of smell?
Olfaction: chemical sense, odor molecules, olfactory bulb, olfactory nerve
Perceptual organization
Gestalt psychologists: how did they explain perceptual organization ?
Figure-ground
Grouping
1. Proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure
Depth perception
1. Visual cliff experiment: method, results, and conclusion
2. Binocular cues: what is it? How does it work?
1. retinal disparity
3. Monocular cues
1. How do the following work: Relative height, relative size,
interposition, linear perspective, light and shadow, relative motion.
Motion perception
1. Stroboscopic movement
2. Phi phenomenon
Unit 2 exam review sheet: 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, & 5
F. Perceptual constancy
1. Shape, size, light, and color constancy
G. Perceptual interpretation
1. How does sensory deprivation/restored vision effect perception?
H. Perceptual adaptation
I. Perceptual set: what is it how does it impact our perceptions?
1. Context effects
2. How does emotion and motivation influence our perception?
XVII.
Extrasensory perception & parapsychology
A. Telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
B. What do analyses of psychic visions reveal?
C. How can this be tested experimentally and what do the results show?
States of Consciousness
I. What is consciousness and the different states of consciousness?
A. What states of consciousness occur spontaneously, are physiologically induced,
and are psychologically induced?
B. What are the biological rhythms?
C. Circadian rhythm: what influences our changes from being awake to sleeping
1. Melatonin
2. Temperature changes
3. SCN
4. The different stages of sleep: what is happening in each stage and what
brain waves are involved with each stage
2. What order do the stages go in
5. What are the 3 different reasons to why we sleep?
D. What are the effects of sleep loss?
E. What are the different sleep theories?
F. What are the 5 different sleep disorders (symptoms and treatments)
G. Dreams
1. Manifest vs. latent content
2. Purpose of dreams
3. Dream theories
4. Threatening dreams
H. Hypnosis
1. What is postural sway?
2. What type of person is more likely to be hypnotized?
3. Purpose of hypnosis? Can it help us forget repressed memories?
4. Can people be forced to do things they don’t want to do?
5. How is hypnotism therapeutic?
Unit 2 exam review sheet: 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, & 5
I. Dissociation
J. Drugs
1. Different types of drugs and their effects
a. Psychoactive drugs (depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens)
b. Depressants (alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates)
c. Stimulants (amphetamines, methamphetamine, nicotine, cocaine,
ecstasy, and caffeine)
d. Hallucinogens (LSD, marijuana)
e. Note: know what each drug is listed above and both the pleasurable
and adverse effects
f. Influences of drug use