Download Name: Period: _____ Score: _____ / 150 Unit 4 Reading Guide

Checketts
AP Psych
Name: _______________________________________________________________ Period: _____ Score: _____ / 150
Unit 4 Reading Guide
Sensation and Perception
Module 16: Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception (pg. 151-162)
1. Sensation:
2. Perception:
3. Bottom-Up Processing:
4. Top-Down Processing:
5. Describe an example that illustrates the difference between sensation and perception:
A. Selective Attention
1. Selective Attention:
Example:
a. Cocktail Party Effect:
b. What does selective attention mean for how you should study? (or even do this reading guide?!)
c. Inattentional blindness:
d. Change blindness:
B. Transduction
1. What are the 3 steps that are basic to all our sensory systems? All our senses…
2. Tranduction:
3. Psychophysics:
C. Thresholds
1. Absolute Threshold:
Example:
2. Signal Detection Theory:
Example:
3. Subliminal:
o Example of subliminal message:
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4. Priming:
Can advertisers really manipulate us with “hidden persuasion?” EXPLAIN.
5. Difference Threshold (just noticeable difference or jnd):
Example:
6. Weber’s Law:
Example:
D. Sensory Adaptation
1. Sensory Adaptation:
Example:
2. Why do we have sensory adaptation—what is its important benefit?
Module 17: Influences on Perception (pg. 163-170)
1. Perceptual Set:
Example:
2. What determines out perceptual set?
3. Context effects:
Example:
4. Extrasensory perception(ESP):
5. Parapsychology:
6.
7.
8.
9.
Telepathy:
Clairvoyance:
Precognition:
Psychokinesis:
10. After reading the section “Thinking Critically About ESP”, do you believe that ESP exists? Why/Why
not?
Module 18: Vision (pg. 171-181)
A. The Stimulus Input: Light Energy
1. Wavelength (distance from 1 wave peak to the next) determines what?
2. Hue:
2
3. Amplitude (wave length) determines what?
4. Intensity:
B. The Eye
1. Cornea:
2. Pupil:
3. Iris:
4. Lens:
5. Retina:
Accommodation:
Rods:
Cones:
Bipolar Cells:
Ganglion Cells:
6. Optic Nerve:
7. Blind Spot:
8. Fovea:
C. Visual Information Processing
1. After being processed in the retina, the optic nerve carries vision information to what part of the brain?
2. Feature Detectors (Hubel & Wiesel):
3. Parallel Processing:
aka. our brain
is amazing!!
Example:
D. Color Vision
1. “If no one sees a tomato, is it red?” Explain the answer to this question:
2. Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (3 color) Theory:
3 colors our eyes are sensitive to:
According to this theory, what causes colorblindness?
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3. Opponent-Process Theory (by Hering):
3 sets of colors:
Afterimages:
4. How is color vision a 2-stage process?
Module 19: Visual Organization and Interpretation (pg. 182-193)
1. Gestalt:
2. What is the fundamental truth underlying all of the Gestalt principles?
A. Form Perception
1. Figure-ground:
Example:
2. Grouping:
Gestalt
Grouping
Principle
Definition
Draw an example
Proximity
Continuity
Closure
B. Depth Perception:
1. Visual Cliff:
2. What did the visual cliff experiments demonstrate—is depth perception learned or not?
3. Binocular Depth Cues:
Retinal Disparity:
4. Monocular Depth Cues:
Relative Height:
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Relative Size:
Interposition:
Relative Motion:
Linear Perspective:
Light and Shadow:
C. Motion Perception
1. How does the brain typically compute motion?
2. Stroboscopic movement:
Example:
3. Phi Phenomenon:
1. Example:
D. Perceptual Constancy:
Examples:
1. Color Constancy:
Example:
*comparisons govern our perceptions
2. Example of size constancy:
SOOOO many
cool illusions
with these 2!
3. Example of shape constancy:
4. Example of lightness constancy:
E. Perceptual Adaptation:
Example:
Module 20: Hearing (pg. 194-201)
1. Audition:
A. The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves
1. Amplitude (strength) determines what?
2. Frequency (length) determines what?
3. What is sound measured in?
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B. The Ear
1. Outer Ear: Eardrum:
2. Middle Ear: 3 bones in middle ear:
3. Inner Ear: cochlea:
4. Summary of hearing: Vibrations cause the cochlea’s membrane to shake. This causes ripples in the
____________, bending the ____________ lining its surface. Hair cells convert the messages into
neurons that are then sent by the ____________ to the thalamus, then onto the _________ cortex in the
_________lobe.
5. What is the difference between sensorineural hearing loss and conduction hearing loss?
6. Way to fix hearing problems: Cochlear implant:
C. Perceiving Loudness& Pitch
1. How do we interpret loudness of a sound?
2. How do we perceive pitch?
Place Theory:
Problem:
Frequency Theory:
Problem:
Volley Principle:
D. How do we locate the source of sounds? (2 ways)
Module 21: The Other Senses (pg. 202-213)
A. Touch
1. What are the 4 distinct skin senses that make up touch? (aka. Your body has receptors for these 4)
B. Pain
1. Why do you need to feel pain?
*Pain= combination of sense of touch and your BRAIN!!
2. Gate-Control Theory (for pain):
3. What are phantom limb sensations?
4.
List 2 examples of psychological influences of pain.
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5. List 2 examples of social-cultural influences of pain.
C. Taste
1. What are the 4 basic tastes?
2. What is the newest 5th one? Describe it.
3. Taste is a chemical sense. What does that mean for how it works?
D. Smell
1. What is the scientific name for smell? (hint: it starts with an O)
2. Because it is a primitive sense, what part of the brain does smell bypass?
3. Do we have a distinct receptor for each detectable odor?
4. Smell’s have a huge power to trigger memories! Explain why.
Example:
E. Body Position and Movement
1. Kinesthesia:
2. Vestibular Sense:
Where are the biological parts for your sense of equilibrium located?
F. Sensory Interaction
1. Sensory Interaction:
Example:
2. McGurk effect:
3. Embodied Cognition:
Example:
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