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Checketts AP Psych Name: _______________________________________________________________ Period: _____ Score: _____ / 150 Unit 4 Reading Guide Sensation and Perception Module 16: Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception (pg. 151-162) 1. Sensation: 2. Perception: 3. Bottom-Up Processing: 4. Top-Down Processing: 5. Describe an example that illustrates the difference between sensation and perception: A. Selective Attention 1. Selective Attention: Example: a. Cocktail Party Effect: b. What does selective attention mean for how you should study? (or even do this reading guide?!) c. Inattentional blindness: d. Change blindness: B. Transduction 1. What are the 3 steps that are basic to all our sensory systems? All our senses… 2. Tranduction: 3. Psychophysics: C. Thresholds 1. Absolute Threshold: Example: 2. Signal Detection Theory: Example: 3. Subliminal: o Example of subliminal message: 1 4. Priming: Can advertisers really manipulate us with “hidden persuasion?” EXPLAIN. 5. Difference Threshold (just noticeable difference or jnd): Example: 6. Weber’s Law: Example: D. Sensory Adaptation 1. Sensory Adaptation: Example: 2. Why do we have sensory adaptation—what is its important benefit? Module 17: Influences on Perception (pg. 163-170) 1. Perceptual Set: Example: 2. What determines out perceptual set? 3. Context effects: Example: 4. Extrasensory perception(ESP): 5. Parapsychology: 6. 7. 8. 9. Telepathy: Clairvoyance: Precognition: Psychokinesis: 10. After reading the section “Thinking Critically About ESP”, do you believe that ESP exists? Why/Why not? Module 18: Vision (pg. 171-181) A. The Stimulus Input: Light Energy 1. Wavelength (distance from 1 wave peak to the next) determines what? 2. Hue: 2 3. Amplitude (wave length) determines what? 4. Intensity: B. The Eye 1. Cornea: 2. Pupil: 3. Iris: 4. Lens: 5. Retina: Accommodation: Rods: Cones: Bipolar Cells: Ganglion Cells: 6. Optic Nerve: 7. Blind Spot: 8. Fovea: C. Visual Information Processing 1. After being processed in the retina, the optic nerve carries vision information to what part of the brain? 2. Feature Detectors (Hubel & Wiesel): 3. Parallel Processing: aka. our brain is amazing!! Example: D. Color Vision 1. “If no one sees a tomato, is it red?” Explain the answer to this question: 2. Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (3 color) Theory: 3 colors our eyes are sensitive to: According to this theory, what causes colorblindness? 3 3. Opponent-Process Theory (by Hering): 3 sets of colors: Afterimages: 4. How is color vision a 2-stage process? Module 19: Visual Organization and Interpretation (pg. 182-193) 1. Gestalt: 2. What is the fundamental truth underlying all of the Gestalt principles? A. Form Perception 1. Figure-ground: Example: 2. Grouping: Gestalt Grouping Principle Definition Draw an example Proximity Continuity Closure B. Depth Perception: 1. Visual Cliff: 2. What did the visual cliff experiments demonstrate—is depth perception learned or not? 3. Binocular Depth Cues: Retinal Disparity: 4. Monocular Depth Cues: Relative Height: 4 Relative Size: Interposition: Relative Motion: Linear Perspective: Light and Shadow: C. Motion Perception 1. How does the brain typically compute motion? 2. Stroboscopic movement: Example: 3. Phi Phenomenon: 1. Example: D. Perceptual Constancy: Examples: 1. Color Constancy: Example: *comparisons govern our perceptions 2. Example of size constancy: SOOOO many cool illusions with these 2! 3. Example of shape constancy: 4. Example of lightness constancy: E. Perceptual Adaptation: Example: Module 20: Hearing (pg. 194-201) 1. Audition: A. The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves 1. Amplitude (strength) determines what? 2. Frequency (length) determines what? 3. What is sound measured in? 5 B. The Ear 1. Outer Ear: Eardrum: 2. Middle Ear: 3 bones in middle ear: 3. Inner Ear: cochlea: 4. Summary of hearing: Vibrations cause the cochlea’s membrane to shake. This causes ripples in the ____________, bending the ____________ lining its surface. Hair cells convert the messages into neurons that are then sent by the ____________ to the thalamus, then onto the _________ cortex in the _________lobe. 5. What is the difference between sensorineural hearing loss and conduction hearing loss? 6. Way to fix hearing problems: Cochlear implant: C. Perceiving Loudness& Pitch 1. How do we interpret loudness of a sound? 2. How do we perceive pitch? Place Theory: Problem: Frequency Theory: Problem: Volley Principle: D. How do we locate the source of sounds? (2 ways) Module 21: The Other Senses (pg. 202-213) A. Touch 1. What are the 4 distinct skin senses that make up touch? (aka. Your body has receptors for these 4) B. Pain 1. Why do you need to feel pain? *Pain= combination of sense of touch and your BRAIN!! 2. Gate-Control Theory (for pain): 3. What are phantom limb sensations? 4. List 2 examples of psychological influences of pain. 6 5. List 2 examples of social-cultural influences of pain. C. Taste 1. What are the 4 basic tastes? 2. What is the newest 5th one? Describe it. 3. Taste is a chemical sense. What does that mean for how it works? D. Smell 1. What is the scientific name for smell? (hint: it starts with an O) 2. Because it is a primitive sense, what part of the brain does smell bypass? 3. Do we have a distinct receptor for each detectable odor? 4. Smell’s have a huge power to trigger memories! Explain why. Example: E. Body Position and Movement 1. Kinesthesia: 2. Vestibular Sense: Where are the biological parts for your sense of equilibrium located? F. Sensory Interaction 1. Sensory Interaction: Example: 2. McGurk effect: 3. Embodied Cognition: Example: 7