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AP Psychology Unit Outline #5 Fall Semester 2014 Bacile Unit V: Sensation & Perception Corresponding Modules: 16-21 Topic: Sensation & Perception (6-8%) UNIT V OUTLINE: Sensation & Perception OVERVIEW Sensation refers to the process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. This unit describes the senses of vision, hearing, taste, touch, smell, kinesthesis and the vestibular sense. It also presents research findings from studies regarding sensory restriction and subliminal stimulation. There are many terms and several theories that you must understand in this unit. Many of the terms are related to the structure of the eye, ear, and other sensory receptors. Labeling diagrams and rehearsing the material will help you memorize these structures and their functions. The theories discussed include the Signal-Detection Theory, the Young-Helmholtz Theory and the Opponent-Process Theory of color vision, as well as the Frequency and Place Theories of pitch. As you study these theories, concentrate on understanding the strengths and weaknesses (if any) of each. The Perception unit explores how we select, organize and interpret our sensations into meaningful perceptions. The unit introduces a wide range of terminology, especially in the Perceptual Organization section. Each of the following sections deals with an important issue regarding perception. The first issue is the role of experience, as opposed to heredity, in perception. Make sure you understand the results of studies of recovery from blindness, early sensory restriction, adoption to distorted environments, and perceptual set. The second is the possible existence of ESP, or perception without sensation. You should be able to discuss both the claims made for ESP and the criticisms of these claims. OBJECTIVES Contrast the processes of sensation and perception Distinguish between thresholds (absolute, difference, Weber’s law) Label a diagram of the parts of the eye and the ear Describe the operation of the sensory system (the five senses) Differentiate the Young-Helmholtz and opponent-process theories of color vision Explain the place and frequency theories of pitch Describe Gestalt principles, figure-ground and depth perception Discuss monocular and binocular cues VOCABULARY Note: It is EXTREMELY important that you know and understand ALL relevant vocabulary prior to the end of each unit. It is highly recommended that you use some method of “vocabulary learning.” Please note that there will be frequent vocabulary quizzes, as your success on the AP Psychology Exam is dependent on your knowledge of psychological terminology. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. Sensation Perception Bottom-Up Processing Ton-Down Processing Psychophysics Absolute threshold Signal detection theory Subliminal Priming Difference threshold Weber’s Law Sensory adaptation Transduction Wavelength Hue Intensity Pupil Iris Lens 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. Accommodation Retina Acuity Nearsightedness Farsightedness Rods Cones Optic nerve Blind spot Fovea Feature detectors Parallel processing Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory Opponent-Process theory Color constancy Audition Frequency Pitch Middle ear 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. Cochlea Inner ear Place theory Frequency theory Conduction hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss Cochlear implant Gate-Control theory Sensory interaction Kinesthesis Vestibular sense Selective attention Inattentional blindness Visual capture Gestalt Figure-ground Grouping Depth perception Visual cliff 258. 259. 260. 261. Binocular cues Retinal display Convergence Monocular cues IMPORTANT FIGURES Gustav Fechner Hermann von Helmholtz Ernst Weber Thomas Young 262. 263. 264. 265. Phi phenomenon Perceptual constancy Perceptual adaptation Perceptual set 266. Human factors psychology 267. Extrasensory perception (ESP) 268. Parapsychology