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Download Shapes of igneous bodies
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MAGMA PROPERTIES + SHAPES AND EMPLACEMENT OF IGNEOUS BODIES Magma Properties Si-Al-O Polymerization – function of SiO2 Concentration and Temperature Si-Al-O structures mimic minerals Viscosity - Large range, affected by crystals and concentration of gases - increases as you get closer to crystallization of magma / lava Yield strength – stationary magma/lava has bonding that must be overcome to make it move Extrusive bodies – Central Vent Landforms shield volcano (convex up, 2 to 10° slope, up to 200 km across + 9 km high) stratovolcano (composite volcano, slightly concave-up, slope <36°, < 2 km high) Pyroclastic volcano (cinder or scoria cones, 2 km across and < 0.3 km high) volcanic complex Dome lava flow ash-flow tuff (ignimbrite) flood basalt caldera Extrusive bodies – Fissure Landforms Feeder dikes (regional extension - MOR) Flood basalts Extrusive bodies – Pyroclastic Landforms Pyroclastic Deposits include – volcaniclastic – formed by volcano (process irrelevant) - pyroclastic – formed from magma/lava aerially expelled from vent - lahar – volcanic debris mixed with water/melting ice or snow Pyroclastic Fall Deposits – material falls from vertical eruption, well sorted, blankets everything, very extensive distribution, voluminous eruptions Pyroclastic Flow Deposits – 400-800°C, 50 to 200km/hr, unsorted deposits, dense flows that fill valleys, often welded (fiamme), contains trapped gases, small extent Pyroclastic Surge Deposits –stratified with dunes/antidunes, fills valleys and covers some hills because of turbulent, high speed flow of this less dense material. Intrusive bodies stock - any small plutonic body batholith - large, usually >100 km2 plutonic body, often consisting of multiple plutons laccolith lopolith dike sill ring dike / cone sheets Mechanisms of magma movement through the crust dikes - driven by density difference and magma pressure diapirs - a controversial mechanism. Mechanisms of emplacement displacement of overlying and surrounding rocks stoping