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ECE 4991 Electrical and Electronic Circuits Chapter 8 Where are we? • Chapter 2 - The basic concepts and practice at analyzing simple electric circuits with sources and resistors • Chapter 3 – More harder networks to analyze and the notion of equivalent circuits • Chapter 4 – Capacitors and inductors added to the mix • Chapter 5 – Analyzing transient situations in complex passive networks • Chapter 8 – New subject – the wonders of operational amplifiers as system elements • Chapter 9 – Introduction to semiconductors – the basics and diodes – more network analysis • Chapter 10 – Bipolar junction transistors and how they work – now you can build your own op amp 2 What’s Important in Chapter 8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Definitions Op Amp Basics Inverting Amplifiers Summing Amplifiers Non-inverting Amplifiers Voltage Followers Diff Amps Integrators Differentiators 3 1. Definitions • • • • • • Operational Amplifier Open-loop Feedback Inverting (input) Non-inverting (input) Open-loop voltage gain 4 2. Op Amp Basics • An operational amplifier is an IC “engine” that can support many applications • Defining characteristics – Amplifies difference between two input voltage – Extremely high gain – Extremely high input resistance – Extremely low output resistance 5 Diagramming an Op Amp + Pwr Inverting Input Non-inverting Input _ + Output _ Pwr 6 Design Assumptions Two main design assumptions for op amp applications using negative feedback 1. Zero input current 2. Input voltages forced to be equal 7 3. Inverting Amplifier • • • • + input grounded Input signal to (–) input through RS Output fed back to (–) input through RF Gain = - RF/RS _ + 8 Inverting Amplifier Practice • Design an inverting amplifier with a gain of - 250 _ + 9 Inverting Amplifier Practice • Given the following resistors to work with – 1KΩ, 1KΩ, 3KΩ, 20KΩ, 30KΩ – design an inverting amp with gain -40 _ + 10 4. Summing Amplifier • • • • + input grounded Several input signals to (–) input through RS’s Output fed back to (–) input through RF Vout = - (RF / RSi) vsi _ + 11 Summing Amplifier Practice • Design an amplifier with Vout = - 50 (v1 + v2 + v3) _ + 12 Summing Amplifier Practice • Design an amplifier with Vout = - (20v1 +30v2 + 40v3) _ + 13 5. Non-Inverting Amplifiers • • • • Ground the (-) input through RS Signal input to + input through any R Output fed back to (-) input through RF Gain is 1 + RF / RS _ + 14 Non-Inverting Amplifier Practice • Design a non-inverting amp with gain = 10 _ + 15 Non-Inverting Amplifier Practice • Resistor collection is 20Ω, 50Ω, 100Ω, 100Ω, 300Ω, 300Ω, 500Ω • Design a non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 5 _ + 16 6. Voltage Follower • Output fed back directly to (-) input • Signal input directly to + input • Vout = vS _ + 17 What’s a Voltage Follower For? • Op amp input impedance very high • Op amp output impedance very low • Voltage followers buffer sensitive circuits or circuit elements • Also used for driving speakers, long cables, etc 18 7. Differential Amplifiers • V1 input fed to (-) input through R1 • V2 input fed to + input through a different R1 • Output tied back to (-) input through R2 • + input tied to ground through R2 • Vout = (R2/R1) (V2 – V1) _ + 19 Differential Amplifier Practice • Design a diff amp with Vout = 50 (V2 – V1) _ + 20 Differential Amplifier Practice • Design a diff amp with Vout = 200 sin t – 600 cos 3t _ + 21 Differential Amplifier Practice • Design a diff amp with Vout = 40 sin t – 10 V1 _ + 22 8. Integrating Amplifiers • Signal input fed to (-) input through RS • Output tied back to (-) input through CF • + input tied to ground • Vout = - (1/RSCF) V dt S _ + 23 Integrating Amplifier Practice • VS = 4 sin t, RS = 100 , CF = 50 F • Vout = ? _ + 24 Integrating Amplifier Practice • Vout = - 200 t4 Volts • VS = ?, RS = 1K, CF = ? _ + 25 9. Differentiating Amplifiers • • • • Signal input fed to (-) input through CS Output tied back to (-) input through RF + input tied to ground Vout = - RFCS dVS/dt _ + 26 Differentiating Amplifier Practice • Vout = - RFCS dVS/dt • Design a differentiating amplifier with Vout = 30 sin t _ + 27 Differentiating Amplifier Practice • Vout = - RFCS dVS/dt • VS = 25 sin 2t, RF = 100, CS = 10 F • Vout = ? _ + 28 Op Amp Practice _ + 29 Op Amp Practice _ + 30 Op Amp Practice _ + 31 Op Amp Practice _ + 32 Op Amp Practice _ + 33 Op Amp Practice _ + 34