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MinION Sequencing of a Captured Antibiotic Resistance Plasmid Kevin Libuit*, Curtis Kapsak*, Erica F. Gehr*, Stephen Turner**, and James B. Herrick* *James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA **University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA ABSTRACT METHODS (cont.) Plasmids in agriculturally-impacted bodies of water may play a significant role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance (AR). Previously, our lab captured environmental plasmids without cultivation of host bacteria from stream sediment into Escherichia coli. Individual plasmids were capable of conferring resistance to a surprising array of antibiotics including aminoglycosides and extended-spectrum βlactams. In this investigation, our aim was to use high-throughput genome sequencing to determine the genotypes responsible for the resistance phenotypes. Plasmids were sequenced using both MinION and Ion Torrent PGM sequencers. An assembly derived from only nanopore data was polished with Ion PGM reads, correcting ~2000 sites. Known AR genes detected in assembled reads encoded resistance to tetracycline, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, & betalactams. These results suggest that there may be a significant reservoir of AR genes in streams capable of transmission to pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. METHODS PLASMID CAPTURE - Sediment samples taken from a stream heavily impacted by farm runoff - Plasmids “captured” exogenously into E. coli (Fry and Day, 1990) (Fig. 1) - Plasmids electroporated into 2nd E. coli strain and tested for decrease in susceptibility to 12 antibiotics via Stokes Method (Collins, et al., 1989) - Plasmid pEx 1-20 DNA extracted, visualized and quantified using a protocol developed in our laboratory (Heringa et al., 2007) (Fig. 2) SEQUENCING DATA ANALYSIS Reads from both sequencers utilized for assembly, polishing and annotation (Fig. 5) Annotation with prokka Manual Annotation Figure 5. Sequencing and data analysis pipeline. Plasmid pEx1-20 was sequenced using MinION and PGM DNA sequencers. MinION reads were assembled into a single contig (PBcR) and polished with PGM reads (PiLON). Automated annotation was performed using prokka, followed by further manual annotation of predicted CDS. RESULTS ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY - pEx1-20 conferred clinical levels of resistance to the following antibiotics: tetracycline (tet), ticarcillin (tic), piperacillin (pip), kanamycin (kan), & ciprofloxacin (cip) ASSEMBLY AND POLISHING Figure 1. Exogenous capturing of tetracycline resistance plasmids from sediment. Plasmids captured from stream sediment samples by releasing native cells from sediment and conjugating with a rifampicin-resistant strain of E. coli. Transconjugants selected on tetracycline-and rifampicinamended medium. Plasmids purified and electroporated into an electrocompetent E. coli strain and tested for decreased antibiotic susceptibility to 12 antibiotics relative to un-electroporated strain. - Nanopore-only assembly to produce a single 91kb contig - Polishing w/ PGM data corrected ~2,000 sites (mostly SNPs/small indels) - Assembly circular with unresolved complex repeats at ends GENE ANNOTATION - Automated Annotation (prokka): 140 predicted CDS; 36 Annotated; 104 Hypothetical Proteins - Manual Annotation of predicted CDS: 74 Annotations added - Putative regions identified (Fig. 6) - 23 AR genes related to antibiotic resistance identified Figure 2. Plasmid Preparation, Visualization, and DNA Quantification Plasmid preparation procedure developed in our laboratory for the isolation of large, native, single-copy plasmids was used to isolate multi-drug resistant plasmids for DNA sequencing Outline of Plasmid Extraction Protocol 1. Electroporated E. coli cells grown in TSA broth overnight 2. 1.5 – 2ml cells pelleted by centrifugation, supernatant discarded 3. Pellet resuspended in 100uL resuspension buffer (50mM glucose/10mM EDTA/10mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0) 4. 200uL lysis solution (0.2M NaOH/1% sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]) added, mixed by inversion, incubated for five minutes at room temperature 5. 150uL 7.5M ammonium acetate and 150uL chloroform added, mixed by inversion, chilled on ice 10 minutes 6. Centrifuged at 10,000g 10 minutes, supernatant transferred to 200uL precipitation solution (30% polyethylene glycol 8000/1.5M NaCl), mixed by inversion, chilled on ice 15 minutes 7. Centrifuged at 10,000g 15 minutes, supernatant removed, resuspended in 100uL TE 8. Plasmid DNA treated with PlasmidSafe exonuclease (Epicentre) according to manufacture’s protocol. L 2 3 Linear DNA 25kb Relaxed plasmid Supercoiled plasmid Plasmid Backbone Function & Stability Stability & Inheritance Type VI Secretion RNA Genetic Load Integrons Plasmid DNA visualized on 0.7% Agarose gel with GelRed (Biotium) before and after Plasmid Safe treatment (Lanes 2 and 3, respectively; L: 1kb ladder). Transposons PLASMID SEQUENCING & DATA PROCESSING - Plasmid sequenced on the Ion Torrent PGM according to manufacturer’s protocol - MinION library preparation and sequencing performed according to manufacturer’s protocol (SQK-005) with one alteration: DNA sheared using a low-cost restriction enzyme fragmentation method (Fig 3) - Nanopore MinION data: extracted passing 2D reads using poretools - Ion PGM data: filtered using ea-utils for read lengths 100-400 bp, Figure 3. Alternative fragmentation of gDNA using restriction enzyme Sau3Ai removing reads with ≥4 Ns and avg. Plasmid DNA was fragmented without the use of the Q<25 (Fig. 4) Figure 6. Putative regions of the IncP-1b multiresistance plasmid pEx1-20. Both Prokka and manual annotations were used to determine the putative regions of the plasmid backbone and genetic load. The functional modules of the backbone include mate-pair formation & conjugative transfer (green) regulation of plasmid function & stability inheritance (yellow) and a type VI secretion system (orange). The genetic load includes two integrons (blue) and two transposons (red). Antibiotic resistance genes are marked in purple arrows. The inner gray circle of the map indicates GC% throughout the plasmid with the dotted line representing 50% GC content. CONCLUSIONS recommended g-TUBE (Covaris) L 20kb 5kb 300bp Figure 4: NGS read stats. Top: nanopore throughput & length; bottom: Ion PGM quality distribution. 2 3 A. Partial Digestion Protocol 1. 1U of Sau3Ai added per 200uL plasmid DNA 2. Mixture incubated at RT for 1m 3. Enzyme immediately inactivated at 70C 4. Fragmented DNA purified and concentrated using 1 volume equivalent of Agencourt AMPure XP Beads (Beckmen Coulter) 5. DNA quantified using Qubit BR dsDNA kit (Thermofisher Scientific) Fragmented DNA visualized on 0.7% Agarose gel with GelRed (Biotium) before and after partial digestion (Lanes 2 and 3, respectively; L: 1kb ladder). - DNA sequencing revealed genes encoding resistance to multiple clinical antibiotics on transmissible plasmids captured directly from stream sediment bacteria - Suggests the presence of a significant reservoir of clinically-important antibiotic resistance genes in stream - GC% shifts in pEx1-20 and the identification of mobile elements indicates high level of recombination - Reservoir may be accessible to pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria such as members of the Enterobacteriaceae - MinION represents a cheap and efficient method for detecting resistance genes in clinical and environmental samples References: Collins, C.H., Lyne, P.M. and Grange, J.M. (1989) Microbiological Methods, Oxford, UK, Butterworth-Heinemann. Fry, J.C., & Day, M.J. (1990) Plasmid transfer in the epilithion. In: Bacterial Genetics in Natural Environments. pp. 5580. (Fry, J.C. & Day, M.J., Eds.). London: Chapman and Hall. Heringa, S. D., J. Monroe, and J. Herrick. 2007. A simple, rapid method for extracting large plasmid DNA from bacteria. Nature Precedings http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npre.2007.1249.1 Special thanks to 4-VA for providing funding for this project (4-va.org).