Download Chapter 1 Origins - SJS AP World History

Origin of Civilizations
Chapter I
AP World History
Timeline
The Spread of Human Populations, c.
10,000 B.C.E.
The Spread of Agriculture
Big Picture “Snap Shot”
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Most people were still nomadic hunter and gatherers, in spite of the new
civilizations- only about 5% lived in cities.
Definitions of civilization: Elements: urban, monumental building,
writing, specialized occupations Aspects of civilizations? Cities, writing,
& political organization
Animism- belief that things in nature have souls or conscience, later a
supernatural force animates & organizes the universe.
Key Events
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(Neolithic) Agriculture Revolutions (Actually more like an evolution)
 Earliest known settlements about 7000 BCE
 Jericho (Jordan River ) & Catal Huyuk in Turkey
Early river valley civilizations, advanced urban cultures of Mesopotamia
& Egypt
 Key technology- irrigation
 Cultural hearths develop (meaning where civilizations began)
Origins of major religions
Mesopotamia 3200-1500BC: State
Building , Expansion, & Conflict:
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“Political” structures & forms of governance:
Type of system- Sumerian states were not unified until about
2300BCE when Sargon the Great conquered the area
- Before Sargon- most city states were theocracies
Empires- (Nations)
 Sargon started the Akkadian Empire (Akkad, near current Baghdad)
 About 2200 BCE city-state of Ur took over power – controlling trade
 During 1700s BCE- Hammurabi started the 1st Babylonian Empire
 Revolts and revolutions
Global structures - Not many global
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interactions at the time just trade usually local.
State Building , Expansion, & Conflict:
“Political” structures & forms of governance
 Type of system- Monarchy/Theocracy
 Pharaohs enjoyed more power & prestige
than almost any ruler in World History. (god)
 Empires Old Kingdom (3100-2500BCE) Most
powerful little outside influence. Start of
Pyramids as Tombs (Djoser’s Pyramid and
his architect Imhotep)
 Middle Kingdom (2100-1650BCE) Peaceful
period until the Hyksos invaded/assimilated,
start of Bronze Age in Egypt, started trade
with neighbors, middle class of merchants &
officials,
Egypt, Kush and Axum
State Building , Expansion, & Conflict:
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New Kingdom (1570-700BCE) Most recognized time & names of
Pharaohs, started conquering nations Nubia 1st, Hebrew Exodus, Battle
of Kadesh against the Hittites. Downfall after 1200BCE,
Then Egyptian Empire was gone, back to the Nile River enduring:
 Invasion by “Sea Peoples” 1200BCE,
 Libya 950BCE and later Nubian reunification/Assimilation
 Phoenician “Purple People” influence Culture (Carthage 813BCE)
 Kush invaded 777-750BCE, Pianky became ruler- Assimilated
 671 BC the Assyrian Empire invaded Egypt
End of Ancient Egypt:
 605 BCE Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar invaded
 526 BCE Persians invaded and assume power
 404 Egypt regains independence
 338 Persia regains control
 Alexander the Great Egypt 332 BCE Ptolemy Dynasty 323BCE
 Romans after times of protection etc… Octavian invades 30BCE
Kush & Nubia
Creation, Expansion, and
Interaction of “Economic” systems
The Neolithic Revolution - 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.
 Agricultural & pastoral production;
 Horticulture (seed planting, science of plant
cultivation)
 Development of the “Fertile Crescent”
 Animals began to be domesticated, Animals
from 12,000 B.C.E.: dogs, sheep, goats, pigs
Sedentary agriculture (Year round farming) used
to plow fields (slow development – Revolution?)
 Most believe it was caused by climatic shifts
 Began the development of towns
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The Spread of the Neolithic Revolution
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Hunting-and-gathering persists
Pastoralism is animal husbandry
 Some mobile = Nomadic tribes
 Search of fresh pasture and water
Crops & Material:
 Sub-Saharan Africa = root and tree crops
 Northern China = millet
 Southeast Asia, to China, India, islands = Rice
 Mesoamerica, Peru = Maize, manioc, sweet potatoes
 5,000 years later….
 Bronze Age : Copper + Tin = Bronze {Brass}
Creation, Expansion, and
Interaction of “Economic” systems
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Trade & Commerce- 3000-1700BCE Local trade, little
contact with Egypt
 All the city-states were economically independent, but
local battles and war slowly unified them economically.
 About the time of Hammurabi 1700s BCE the
Babylonians started trading actively with many countries
including Egypt.
Labor system- Slaves made up a big portion of the
coordinated projects, unpleasant/dangerous work
 Most people would work together on the irrigation
 Occupations:
 Read and write: Scribes, Bookkeepers, & Priests
 The start of craftsman[artisans] - (not literate, but
trained) metal, leather, pottery, jewelry, carpentry,
masonry.
Development & Interaction
of Cultures –
“Religions”
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Mesopotamia Sacred text-2000BCE, (Oral since about 7000BCE),
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Epic of Gilgamesh, Uruk
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Egyptian Sacred text- The Book of the Dead – funeral rites, and
the after life, copy buried with body in the new Kingdom.
Key beliefs- Polytheistic, deities intervening in human affairs, each
city had its own God, they worshiped their Gods because they were
mighty,
Mesopotamia Sacred Place/structure – Ziggurats
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Pursuit of eternal life, but did not find it.
Amulets were found on remains- evil spirits, Evidence Religious festivals
Egyptian Sacred place – Pyramids (Rock Blocks/slabs)
Was it Universal & Ethnic?? Diffusion/spread, why? (clues?)
Development & Interaction of
Cultures continued…
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Science/Technology-Mathematics (Units of 60, 10, 6)
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Mesopotamia far more advance in math than Egypt.
Architecture/Buildings- Ziggurats-(bricks)
Art- Cuneiform, Statues, paintings, & Code of
Hammurabi
Development & transformation
of social structures “Culture”
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Gender Roles and relations
 Women’s roles, status – After Neolithic Revolution
the distinction between the status of men & women
happened
 Women lost economic power of “Gathering”
 With Agriculture men slowly took over women's
roles animals and plants
 In Mesopotamia & Egypt both were a patriarchal
society.
 But in Egypt women were in a higher status i.e..
Goddesses of Creativity & Marriage alliances
Development & transformation
of social structures “Culture”
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Mesopotamian Society, Elite/Non elites, 4 categories:
1. Nobles- King, his family, chief priest, & high palace officials
2. Free Clients of the nobility- Laborers of the Nobility,
worked the land, in return rec’d small plots of land. (Similar
to later feudal system)
3. Commoners- Free citizens independent of nobility, but not
the social status or political power, they owned land and
were protected by laws.
4. Slaves/Ethnic classes- Slaves were usually captured
foreigners/POWs, plus criminals, or paying debts.
Family & kinship (Clans)-Lived in traditional family units.
 Heavy penalties for adultery
 Husband had absolute power
Development & transformation
of social structures “Culture” Cont…
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Communication:
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Mesopotamian Language- Sumerian
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Later Semite, bases of most Arab languages
Egyptian for Egypt
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Hittites Indo-European
Mesopotamian Writing system- 3500BCE Cuneiform
 Egyptian Writing – Hieroglyphics
“Interactions” between
Humans and environment
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Migrations- Theory outward from Middle East from
central Africa…some local trade….
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Settlement patterns along river valleys
Technology (impact on environment)Redirection of water through irrigation
 Bricks for the Ziggurats
 Limestone blocks for Pyramids
 Both cultures into astrology
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Settlements, villages
 Slash and burn agriculture
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Major Comparisons/Contrasts
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Egypt and Mesopotamia
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Nile and Euphrates/Tigris Rivers
Bronze Age (cooper & tin) Mesopotamia 3000BCE / Egypt
1700BCE after being attacked by Hyksos
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Iron Age happened about 1000BCE (More inter-relation)
Religions: Polytheist
 Economy: very similar (stone cutter to Egypt)
 Writing: Hieroglyphs (Picture graphs) v. Cuneiform
 Buildings: Ziggurats vs. Pyramids
A Major Contrast:
Their geographical location shaped very different political, economic,
and cultural beliefs and practices. Egypt was isolated for much of its
existence, while Mesopotamia was at a cross roads of population
movements, and invasion
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Overview of Mesopotamian & Egypt
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Continuity & Change-over-Time- (C.C.O.T)
Continuities:
Early regional cultural hearths diffusion/movement
of material and non material culture
 Irrigation based advanced, settled urban cultures
 Conflict between settled and nomadic cultures
 Slavery generally consequences of conquest, debts,
or poverty.
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C.C.O.T. continued….
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Changes:
Increased % of people living in settled, agricultural, cultures
 Increased population in advanced, urban cultures
 Decline in status of women, increased patriarchy in
agricultural based societies
 Increased local and later regional trade routes
 Rise and fall of empires
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