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Circulatory System Mr. O. Tada Dept of Livestock & Wildlife Management Circulatory System Function Components Transport (nutrients, waste) Transport media (blood or lymph fluid) Vessels (arteries --bring blood away from heart) Capillaries --In close contact with tissues for exchange Veins--bring blood back to heart Heart (pumps blood throughout the body) Lymphatic system auxillary system of vessels returns fluids from interstitial spaces to blood Heart Cone-Shaped, Hollow, Muscular Structure Base of cone (dorsal-cranial) enter large arteries and veins Other end is Apex of Heart (ventral-caudal) Located in thoracic cavity Pericardium Connective Tissue Sac in which the Heart lies Two Layers: visceral (Epicardium) & Parietal Slightly Fluid Filled (lubrication) Heart cont’d Myocardium Muscular Part of Heart Forms walls of Chambers Four Chambers: Left and Right Atria Receive Blood From Veins Left from Pulmonary Vein Right from Vena Cava Left and Right Ventricles Receive Blood From Atria Left Pump Blood through Aorta Right Pump Blood through Pulmonary Artery Heart cont’d Endocardium Innermost Layer Endothelium Heart Valves Atrioventricular Valves (A-V valves) Located between Atria and Ventricles Right valve is tricuspid Left valve is bicuspid/mitral valve Prevent expulsion of ventricular blood in the atria during heart contraction Cordae Tendinae keep valves from inverting Heart cont’d Semilunar Valves a. Located at exits of Ventricles b. Both Tricuspid c. Right Valve (--Pulmonary Semilunar) d. Right Valve (--Aortic Semilunar) Blood flow through the Heart A. Vena Cava [Venous Blood, lost O2, gained CO2] B. Right Atrium C. Right Ventricle D. Pulmonary Artery [still Venous Blood] E. Lungs F. Pulmonary Vein [oxygenated (Arterial Blood)] G. Left Atrium H. Left Ventricle I. Aorta The Heart Structure Heart Valves Blood Vessels General Structure Continuation of Heart Lined with endothelium Order Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Structure of an artery Help with pumping Smaller arteries gain more smooth muscle. Control Blood Flow Arterioles Muscular just prior to Capillaries Precapillary Sphincters Regulate Blood Flow to Capillary beds Capillaries Endothelial Tubes Contain Slit Pores (Clefts) Diffusion Transport of small particles (<4 nm) Pinocytotic Vesicles Transport of larger particles (Proteins) Structure of a vein Contain Smooth Muscle Increase resistance to regulate blood flow Increase Blood Pressure Backflow prevented by Valves Blood Circulatory System Systemic Circulation (Whole body except Lungs) Aorta First Branch Coronary Arteries (to Heart) Second Branch Carotids (to Brain) Pulmonary Circulation (Lungs) Portal Systems (Vein Capillary Vein) Hepatic Portal System Liver Blood Cleansing Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System Hormones Transport Lymphatic System Lymph Vessels Blind beginnings in interstitial space (Lymph Capillaries) Vessels tend to parallel veins A few large vessels empty into veins Contain Valve to inhibit backflow Lymph Fluid of Lymph Vessels Composition is similar to interstitial fluid Return proteins to Veins (Proteins don't normally diffuse well back through the capillaries) Movement through vessels controlled by: Smooth muscle contraction Skeletal muscle movement Lymphatic System cont’d Lymph Nodes Areas of concentrated lymphocytes and macrophages along the lymphatic veins. Nodular structures located along lymph vessels Functions: Lymphocyte production Clean-up lymph Contain Fixed Macrophages Enlarge during infection Entrapment of bacteria and infection by-products Cancer cells can get entrapped Increase Lymphocyte production Lymph Organs Absorbs excess fluid & its return to blood stream. Absorbs fat in the villi of the small intestine Vessels are closely associated with the circulatory system vessels. Lymph capillaries are scatted throughout the body. Lymph organs include the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. Bone marrow contains tissue that produces lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes (B-cells) mature in the bone marrow. T-lymphocytes (T-cells) mature in the thymus gland. Other blood cells such as monocytes and leukocytes are produced in the bone marrow. Spleen If damaged or removed, individual more susceptible to infections. The thymus secretes a hormone, thymosin, that causes preT-cells to mature (in the thymus) into T-cells Larger lymphoid organ of the body filled with blood. Circulates blood rather than lymph Functions: Filtration Removes old red blood cells Lymphocyte production RBC storage and release Heart Rate and its Control Metabolic Rate Smaller animals faster rate (beats per minute) than larger animals Younger faster than older animals Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Parasympathetic Decreases rate Auto-regulation Starling's Law Increases rate Larger volume of diastole, greater strength of contraction Reflexes Stretch & Pressure Receptors cause heart to increase/decrease rate Carotid Sinuses, Aortic Arch, Right Atrium