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CARDIOVASCULAR
SYST EM
Organs :





Heart : pump
Blood vessels :
~ Arteries
~ Capillaries
~ Veins





Blood :
~ Leukocytes
~ Erythrocytes
~ Thrombocytes
Lymphatic system:
Function:
Heart :
~ Pump blood to body
& lungs
~ Receives blood from
body & lungs

Blood:
~
~
~
~
Transportation
Communication
Protection
Regulation
Blood Vessels
Provide channels thru
which blood flows
 Provides site for
oxygen and carbon
dioxide exchange

Form, Size & Location
Of Heart:
Hollow, muscular, 4
chambered organ
Location:
Shape:
Size:
Heart Structure
Heart wall :
3 layers :
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardium
Serous membrane
Pericardial fluid
Heart Chambers: #4
Internal cavity divided
into 4 chambers
Upper chambers are
called : Atria
Lower chambers are
called: Ventricles
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Septum
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Heart Valves
2 types of valves
1) ATRIOVENTRICULAR :
AV valves
Tricuspid Valve
Mitral ( bicuspid )
valve
Tricuspid Valve
Mitral Valve
2) Semilunar Valves
Pulmonic Valve
Aortic Valve
Blood Vessels Within Heart
1.
Inferior Vena Cava
2. Superior Vena
Cava
3. Pulmonary Artery
4. Pulmonary Veins
5. Aorta
TRACE A DROP OF
BLOOD THRU HEART
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
RETURNS TO HEART
FROM BODY VIA :
IVC & SVC > RA >
TRICUSPID > RV >
PULMONARY VALVE >PA
> RPA & LPA > LUNGS :
DROP OFF CO2 & PICK UP
O2 > PV(4) >LA> MITRAL
(BICUSPID) >LV > AORTIC
VALVE > AORTA > BODY
Summary
Heart’s Blood Supply
Coronary vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Myocardial Infarction
Physiology Of Heart
Heart muscle cells :
~ Striated, involuntary
~ Contract & relax in
organized manner
Allows heart to work as
a pump
Properties Of Cardiac
Muscle Cells
Irritability
Automaticity
Conductivity
Contractility
Conduction System
To pump blood.. Heart
contraction &
Relaxation must be
Synchronized
Atria must contract @
same time
Then ventricles must
contract @ same time
While atria are relaxed
…
Ventricles are
contracting
& Vice versa
AUTOMATICITY
Specialized cells :
Generate & conduct
electrical impulses
To myocardial cells
Initiates heartbeat &
Coordinate chamber
contractions
Each cell is bathed in
electrolytes :
Inside & out
Resting cell has
negative charge
& Is called polarized
In order for cell to
contract :
There must be a positive
charge inside
Na MOVES INTO CELL
K moves out
Cell contracts
Depolarized
Once cell contracts
Na & K Exchange
places again &
Cell is now resting
again
REPOLARIZED
When cells “depolarize”
= heart contracts
When cells
REPOLARIZE = heart
relaxes
Components
1 SINOATRIAL node :
S.A. Node
2. Internodal Pathway
& Bachman’s Bundle
3. Atrioventricular
Node
4. Bundle of HIS
5. Right and Left
Bundle Branches
6. Purkinjie Fibers
Impulse Corresponds To
E.K.G.
Electrocardiogram
P wave : ATRIAL
depolarization
(contraction)
Q - R - S wave :
ventricular depolarization
T wave :
REPOLARIZATION :
resting cell
Nerve Supply
Heart generates own
beat
Medulla contains
cardiac centers :
Accelerator center
Inhibitory center
Summary:
Blood flow thru heart
Blood flow to heart
muscle
Conduction system
How Much Blood Flows
Through Your Heart ???
Cardiac output :
Stroke volume:
Cardiac Cycle
One complete heartbeat
~ Contraction = 1/3
~ Relaxation = 2/3
Ventricular diastole
Ventricular systole
Cardiac cycle creates
Heart sounds
Caused by valves closing
2 sounds :
1st SOUND : LUBB
Loudest, longest
2nd SOUND :
~ DUPP
Short, sharp sound
Heart Murmurs
Extra sound caused by:
Valves not closing
properly
~ Backflow
~
Stenosis
Listen to heart sounds
Blood Vessels
Network of vessels that
carry blood :
~ Away from heart
~ To cells
~ Back to heart
Closed transport system
3 Main Groups
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
ARTERIES
Carry oxygenated
blood & nutrients
Away from heart
To cells in organs &
tissues
Branch off from largest
artery :
~ Aorta
Into smaller arteries
then into:
Smallest arteries
called:
Arterioles
Structure :
Thickest walls
Elastic , muscular tubes
3 layers :
1 ~ Tunica Intima:
~ Inner layer
Tissue :
~ Simple, SQUAMOUS
epithelium
~ Surrounded by c.T.
Membrane / elastic fibers
~ Forms slick surface
for blood flow
2) Tunica Media :
Bulky middle layer
Smooth muscle &
Elastic fibers
Allows blood vessels
To change diameter
3 ) Tunica Externa
Outermost layer
Fibrous C.T. :
Collagen & elastin
Protects, supports &
Binds b.V. To lower
tissues
Pulse :
arterial walls
expand with each
heartbeat
Blood pressure :
pressure of blood
against artery walls
Capillaries
Smallest B.V.
Form connection
between arteries &
veins
Walls are very thin &
readily permeable
Tissue : simple,
squamous epithelial
Permits exchange of
materials between
Blood & cell
Diameter so small :
Red blood cells pass thru
single file
Organs With More
Capillaries
Skeletal muscle
Liver
Kidneys
Heart
Lungs
Nervous system
VEINS
Drain capillaries
Return blood to heart
Carry CO2 & wastes to
excretory organs
Pressure in veins too
low to pump
Blood back to heart
Blood flows against
gravity
Must rely on
Skeletal muscle
movement
Forces blood up veins
1 way valves prevent
backflow
Vein Walls
Same 3 layers as
arteries
Less smooth
muscle
Largest vein :
~ vena cava
Smallest veins :
venules
Longest vein :
Saphenous
2 Types Of Veins
Deep veins :
parallel arteries &
have same name
Superficial veins:
Near surface
Physiology Of
Circulation
Function :
~ Exchange gases,
nutrients, wastes
~ Between cells &
capillaries
Materials that
transfer from cell to
blood :
MUST 1st PASS
through Tissue fluid
What processes ??
Circulatory Pathways :
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit
Coronary circuit
Portal circuit
BLOOD
Transport medium for
meeting cells needs
Viscous, thick, fluid
Varies in color
~ O2 = bright red
~ Less O2 = dark red
Classified as : C.T.
Consists of :
Formed elements :
~ cells
Liquid :
~ plasma
Total blood volume
~ ph : ???
Function :
1. Transportation
2. Regulation
3. Protection
COMPOSITION OF
BLOOD
1. FORMED
ELEMENTS :
CELLS & CELL
FRAGMENTS
2. LIQUID :
PLASMA
PLASMA:
Straw colored fluid
Components :
~ 90 % H2 O
~ 10 % solutes
Solutes:
Plasma proteins
Nitrogen products
Nutrients & gases
Electrolytes
Formed Elements :
Cells & fragments of cells
suspended in :
plasma
3 types :
~ Erythrocytes
~ Leukocytes
~ Thrombocytes
Erythrocytes
RED BLOOD CELLS or RBC
Have many molecules of
hemoglobin
Function :
~ transport O2 &
some CO2
~ need hemoglobin
Hemoglobin: hgb
~ Heme :
~ Globin :
NORMAL hgb. Level :
~ Male : 14 - 18
~ Female : 12.1 - 16
Normal RBC Count :
4 - 5 MILLION / C MM
BLOOD
Hematocrit :
Amount ( % ) of rbc
In 100 ml. Of blood
Normal values :
~ male : 40 - 54 %
~ female : 36 - 46 %
RBC Destruction :
Life span : 120 days
Cell Membrane
becomes fragile :
removed from blood by
phagocyters in spleen
& liver
Leukocytes
White blood cells
W. B. C.
Round, can change shape
Life span :
Normal : 5 - 10,000/cc mm
blood
W.B.C. Function :
Fight infection
~ some WBC:
~ phagocyte
~ Produce antibodies
~ Release or inhibit
histamine
2 Main Groups :
GRANULOCYTES :
~ MADE IN BONE
MARROW
~ NEUTROPHILS,
EOSINOPHILS,
BASOPHILS
Agranulocytes :
~ produced by
lymph tissue
~ Monocytes &
Lymphocytes
5 TYPES OF W.B.C. :
1. NEUTROPHILS :
2. EOSINOPHILS :
3.BASOPHILS :
4.LYMPHOCYTES:
5. MONOCYTES :
Thrombocytes
Platelets
Normal : 150,000 400,000 / c mm
Life span :
Function :
Aid in blood clotting
Platelet plug
Hemostasis :
Coagulation :
protective device
3 steps :
~ 1 vascular
constriction
~ 2. Platelet plug
formation
~ 3. Coagulation
Clotting Cascade:
~ sequence of events
to clot blood
~ If any of these are
removed…
~ Blood can’t clot
SOOOO……
What mineral do we
need to clot our blood
????????
CALCIUM
Origin Of Formed
Elements :
Hemapoiesis:
Formed in:
~ Bone marrow
~ Lymph nodes &
Spleen
Bone Marrow :
Location :
Types:
Red Marrow
Yellow Marrow
Stem cells
Erythropoiesis
Requires :
~ iron
~ Vitamin b 12
~ Folic acid
Leukocyte Production
Granulocytes :
~ made in bone
marrow
Agranulocytes
~ Made in lymph
nodes & spleen
Thrmbocyte Production
Stem cell :
~ becomes
megakaryblast
~ Megakaryocyte
~ Thrombocyte
Blood Test
Complete Blood Count:
C.B.C.
C.B.C. with Differential
Blood Types :
Antigens :
Antibodies :
A, B, O groups :
~ inherited
Donor
Recipient
Transfusion
Type A :
40 % of population
Has A antigens &
B antibodies
Can receive A & O
Can give to A & AB
Type B :
10 % population
B Antigens
A Antibodies
Can receive B & O
Can give to B & AB
Type AB :
AB + = Universal recipient
Antigens
Neither A OR B
Antibodies
Can receive all
Can give to A B
A&B
Type O :
0 - : Universal donor
No antigens
A & B Antibodies
Can receive O
Can give to all
Rh Factor :
Rhesus Monkey
85 % population have
antigen D & are
positive
15 % don’t & are
negative
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
History
Procedure:
Type and Cross Match
Purpose:
Replace blood lost
Treat anemia
Treat shock
Exchange blood
Aid in recovery
Types :
Whole blood
Packed red cells
Platelets
Granulocytes
Plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Factor VIII
Factor IX
Monitoring Blood
Transfusions :
Type & cross match
Check rate of infusion
Frequent v.S.
Observe : Signs &
Symptoms of reaction
Transfusion Reactions
Febrile
Allergic
Septic
Hemolytic
Treatment
Lymphatic System
Function :
Organs :
Lymph
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils