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Abu Bakr, the first caliph, directed a series of battles against Arab tribes to create the first Muslim empire. 07 HSS Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam Along with their trade goods, Arab merchants took Islamic beliefs to new lands. 07 HSS Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam The Islamic world unified many conquered peoples through a common language and religion, but blended with them to form a culture that was not specifically Arab in character. 07 HSS Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam The Shia thought that only members of Muhammad’s family could become caliphs. 07 HSS Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam The Sunni thought it did not matter who became caliphs as long as they were good Muslims and strong leaders. Muslim scholars made advances in astronomy, geography, math, science, medicine, and architecture. 07 HSS Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam 07 HSS Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam The Safavid Empire began when Esma’il conquered Persia and made Shiism the official religion. 07 HSS Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam Córdoba was a great center of learning where Greek, Roman, Arab and Jewish works were translated into Arabic or Latin so that they could be studied throughout Europe. 07 HSS Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam Baghdad became the trade center for papermaking creating greater availability of books through the Islamic world. 07 HSS Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam Muslim art features plant and geometric designs because only Allah should produce the human form. 07 HSS Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam