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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22704502A39295269 Dasyornis longirostris, Western Bristlebird Assessment by: BirdLife International View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: BirdLife International. 2012. Dasyornis longirostris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22704502A39295269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20121.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Aves Passeriformes Dasyornithidae Taxon Name: Dasyornis longirostris Gould, 1841 Common Name(s): • English: • Spanish: Western Bristlebird, Long-billed Bristlebird Curruca Bigotuda Piquilarga Taxonomic Source(s): Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia. Identification Information: 17-20 cm. Medium-sized, sturdy, grey-brown passerine. Sexes similar. Dark brown upper back dappled pale grey. Dark brown lower back. Rich rufous-brown rump. Rufous-brown upperwing-coverts. Mostly rufous-brown uppertail. Off-white centre of breast and belly with fine black-brown scalloping, sparser on belly. Olive-brown sides of belly and flanks with fine black-brown scalloping. Mostly olive-brown undertail. Juvenile similar to adult, but upperparts without dappling. Similar spp. Noisy Scrub-bird Atrichornis clamosus differs by having barred upperparts and lacking scalloping on underparts. Voice Male, high chortling call, very variable within and between individuals. Female, replying with a sharp, usually three-noted whistle. Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B1ab(iii,v) ver 3.1 Year Published: 2012 Date Assessed: May 1, 2012 Justification: This species has been uplisted to Endangered because it has a very small range, and a small population which is undergoing a decline, owing mainly to the effects of wildfires. Large lightning-induced fires in 2005 and 2006 severely reduced the population, and ongoing habitat degradation from fires is likely. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2008 – Vulnerable (VU) 2004 – Vulnerable (VU) 2000 – Vulnerable (VU) 1996 – Endangered (EN) 1994 – Endangered (EN) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis longirostris – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en 1 1988 – Threatened (T) Geographic Range Range Description: Dasyornis longirostris was formerly found in coastal south-west Western Australia, Australia, from Perth to Ravensthorpe. It is now restricted to in and around Fitzgerald River National Park and to a small area just east of Albany at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Betty’s Beach, Mt Manypeaks to Bluff Creek. Eighteen birds were translocated in 1999–2000 and 2007 from Two People’s Bay to near Walpole, west of Albany, but there was no evidence of breeding. A population of c.620 pairs in 2001 was reduced by fires to c.320 pairs in 2005 (Burbidge et al. 2010), estimated to comprise c.1,000 mature individuals (Garnett et al. 2011). The density of birds is greater in the Manypeaks-Waychinicup areas than in the Fitzgerald River National Park, but reasons for this are unknown. The Albany to Mt Manypeaks area population declined from c.500 pairs in 2001 to 200–315 pairs in 2005 and 2006, largely as a result of wildfires, although the cause for the decline in some areas is unclear. The Fitzgerald River National Park subpopulation numbered c.125 pairs in 2005 (Burbidge et al. 2010). Country Occurrence: Native: Australia © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis longirostris – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en 2 Distribution Map © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis longirostris – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en 3 Population In 2005, the known breeding population was estimated at 300-450 pairs, probably equating to a total of 1,000 mature individuals (A. Burbidge in litt. 2007, Garnett et al. 2011). Trend Justification At the turn of the century, the species was considered to be stable; however, a series of fires in the Two Peoples Bay-Mt Manypeaks area between December 2000 and December 2004 impacted the local population (A. Burbidge in litt. 2007). Numbers of calling males were reduced from about 500 in 2001 to 200 in 2005, with similar numbers recorded in 2006. Thus, overall, the population is estimated to have declined over the last three generations. Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) It is terrestrial and sedentary with a preference for dense, low heaths. In Two Peoples Bay, it occurs in dense, closed heath 1-1.5 m high. Near Waychinicup River and in the Fitzgerald River National Park, it is found mainly in closed heath 0.5 m high, sometimes with scattered patches of mallee eucalypts. Unburnt swampy vegetation, predominantly sedges and thickets, may be important refuges after fires. At Two Peoples Bay, it can reoccupy heaths less than 3 years after fire, although breeding may not occur until later. It may not reoccupy heaths in drier areas until 11-14 years after fire. It was found in heaths 512 years after fire from Boulder Hill to east of Waychinicup River, and 14-28 years after fire in the northern part of Fitzgerald River National Park. Systems: Terrestrial Threats (see Appendix for additional information) It is particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction and alteration. Wildfire is the principal threat, particularly large-scale wildfires, the incidence and extent of which have been increasing in recent years, despite increased skills, capacity and effort to stop them. Fires at less than 5-10 year intervals may lead to local extinctions, and such fires are almost certainly the main cause of its historical range contraction. At the other end of the scale, some coastal heath (at least at Two Peoples Bay) remains suitable habitat for at least 50 years after fire, although the carrying capacity may be reduced with time. A series of fires in the Two Peoples Bay-Mt Manypeaks area between December 2000 and December 2004 impacted the local population of this species (A. Burbidge in litt. 2007). Numbers of calling males were reduced from about 500 in 2001 to 200 in 2005 (A. Burbidge in litt. 2007). While most of this decline was clearly attributable to large-scale wildfires, some of the decline was most likely due to other, unknown factors (A. Burbidge in litt. 2007). Predation by introduced mammals, particularly foxes Vulpes vulpes and feral cats Felis catus, may be significant (Gilfillan et al. 2009; Burbidge et al. 2010). Other potential threats include dieback caused by the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi, disturbance by introduced animals (particularly hard-hoofed animals), weed invasion and changes in hydrological regimes (Gilfillan et al. 2009). Clearance for grazing and agriculture caused historical range contractions, but is no longer considered a threat as almost all bristlebirds now occur in protected areas. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis longirostris – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en 4 Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation Actions Underway CITES Appendix I. Surveys have been completed over the range of the species, and populations are protected from fire as much as possible, particularly in association with the other threatened taxa of the Two Peoples Bay-Manypeaks area. In 1999-2000 and 2007, 18 birds were translocated to a site west of Albany, but the translocation appears to have been unsuccessful and there was no evidence of breeding (Garnett et al. 2011). Further translocations are planned (A. Burbidge in litt. 2007). The population in the Two Peoples Bay-Mt Manypeaks area is being monitored (Danks and Comer 2006, A. Burbidge in litt. 2007). The recovery of this species is being managed by the South Coast Threatened Birds Recovery Team (A. Burbidge in litt. 2007). Conservation Actions Proposed Survey and monitor populations at five-year intervals and search for new subpopulations. Maintain active fire protection and management at all sites. Continue habitat management and threat abatement of all occupied areas within an adaptive management framework. Further investigate habitat requirements, in particular in relation to fire age, vegetation structure and food availability. Study the effect of dieback caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, and the extent of predation by invasive species. Establish populations throughout former range where appropriate habitat persists. Continue the translocation programme. Continue to support coordination of management by the South Coast Threatened Bird Recovery Team (Garnett et al. 2011). Credits Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Taylor, J. Contributor(s): Burbidge, A. Facilitators(s) and Compiler(s): Benstead, P., Garnett, S., McClellan, R., Symes, A. & Taylor, J. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis longirostris – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en 5 Bibliography Burbidge, A. H., Comer, S., Danks, A., Berryman, A., Hamilton, N. 2010. Attempted reintroduction of the Western Bristlebird in south-western Australia. In: Soorae, P. S. (ed.), Global Re-Introduction Perspectives: Additional Case-studies from Around the Globe, pp. 171-175. IUCN/SSC Re-Introduction Specialist Group, Abu Dhabi. Danks, M.; Comer, S. 2006. Mt Manypeaks update: Project Phoenix rises! South Coast Threatened Bird News: 10-11. Garnett, S. T.; Crowley, G. M. 2000. The action plan for Australian birds 2000. Environment Australia, Canberra. Garnett, S. T.; Szabo, J. K.; Dutson, G. 2011. The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. Gilfillan, S., Comer, S., Burbidge, A.H., Blyth, J., Danks, A., Newell, J. 2009. South Coast Threatened Birds Recovery Plan. Western Australian Wildlife Management Program No. 44. WA Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2012.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 19 June 2012). Citation BirdLife International. 2012. Dasyornis longirostris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22704502A39295269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis longirostris – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en 6 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 3. Shrubland -> 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate Resident Suitable Yes Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry farming Past, unlikely to return Majority (5090%) No decline Past impact Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Past, unlikely to return Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Past, likely to return Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Future Whole (>90%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming & ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & fire suppression -> 7.1.3. Trend Unknown/Unrecorded 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.1. Unspecified species 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Phytophthora cinnamomi) 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Felis catus) 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Vulpes vulpes) 11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.1. Habitat shifting & alteration © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis longirostris – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en No decline Slow, significant declines Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Past impact Past impact Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 7 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: Yes Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range Occur in at least one PA: Yes Invasive species control or prevention: No In-Place Species Management Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: Yes Subject to ex-situ conservation: No In-Place Education Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No Included in international legislation: No Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management 3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery 3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends 1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis longirostris – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en 8 Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.5. Threats 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 700 Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 540 Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No Number of Locations: 5 Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No Population Number of mature individuals: 1000 Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes Extreme fluctuations: No Population severely fragmented: No No. of subpopulations: 2 Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No All individuals in one subpopulation: No Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes Generation Length (years): 3.2 Movement patterns: Not a Migrant © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyornis longirostris – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22704502A39295269.en 9 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™