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Content
I.
Introduction
II.
Source of Enteric Organisms in Surface Waters
III. Pathogenic and Indicator Organisms in Surface Water
IV. Surface Water Quality and Disease: The Case of Cholera
V. Protection of Surface Water From Faecal Pollution
VI. Identification of Faecal Pollution Source in Surface Waters
VII. Discussion
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Objective
Define source of pollution to surface water and
cause of diseases from waste water
The ways to protect the surface water
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Key Terms
Faecal :the solid waste passed out of the body of a human or
animal through the bowels.
Waste water: water that has been adversely affected in
quality by anthropogenic influence.
Pathogen: infectious agent , microbe(virus, bacterium, prion,
or fungus) that causes disease.
Enteric: something related to or associated with the intestines.
Aquatic: means relating to water; living in or near water or
taking place in water.
Catchment: get an illness, especially one caused by bacteria or virus.
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I. Introduction
Surface water is a general term describing any
water body that is found flowing or standing on the
earth’s surface, such as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes
and reservoirs.
Surface water quality is often unreliable and to be
heavily contaminated by faceal microorganisms
than groundwater.
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I. Introduction (con’t)
Surface water quality may be divided into three
categories, or trophic levels, according to nutrient
levels and microbial populations:
Oligotrophic
Mesotrophic
Eutrophic
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I. Introduction (con’t)
Water-borne pathogenic organisms of enteric origin
include:
Viruses
bacteria
protozoan
helminthic parasites.
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II. SOURCES OF ENTERIC
ORGANISMS IN SURFACE
WATERS
1. Human wastes and municipal
wastewaters
The factors of total load of pathogenic microorganisms
of human origin that enter a surface water catchment :
Human population
Proportion of the population using sewerage systems
that eventually discharge into the river
The level of wastewater treatment and the operating
efficacy of these systems.
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2. Other wastewater discharges
Industrial wastewaters enter a municipal sewerage
system and many such wastewaters:
 Food, beverage, meat packing,
 Wood pulp
 Paper wastes,
 Abattoir waste
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3. Agricultural effluents and run-off
• In late 20 century, animal husbandry increasingly
concentrated loads of animal faeces which effect to
river water .
• Some pathogens of animal origin may infect humans
such as Cryptosporidium spp. and various toxigenic
strains of Escherichia coli.
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Table 36.1 shows the E. coli concentrations found in the
faeces of various animals.
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4. Stormwater and urban surface run-off
Where urban run-off is not directed to combined
sewerage systems, separate systems may deliver this
water directly to surface waters without prior
treatment.
Discharges from such systems may contain high levels
of faecal indicator bacteria.
Ex:In South Africa(Jagals, 1997)
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5. Avian sources
The faeces of birds often contain higher concentrations
of the faecal:
Indicator bacteria E. coli
Intestinal enterococci
Specific pathogens such as Salmonella spp. and
Campylobacter spp.
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6. Feral mammals
• The faecal of feral mammals is the source of pollution
of surface waters but low significance compared with
the faecal contribution from agriculture and municipal
wastewaters.
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7. Recreational use of surface waters
• In crowded bathing waters this source may pose a
significant risk to human health. Although boating
and other recreational use of reservoirs, bathing is
generally discouraged in order to protect source
waters.
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8. Recirculation of sediments
• Surface water sediments may act as a reservoir of
enteric microorganisms deriving from faecal pollution.
• Regrowth of some species may be possible in these
relatively protected and nutrient rich environments.
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Subsurface sources
• Poorly designed and managed landfill of municipal
and industrial solid waste poses a risk of pollution to
surface and groundwaters because it contains high
levels of toxic substances and enteric organisms.
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III. PATHOGENIC AND
INDICATOR ORGANISMS IN
SURFACE WATERS
Factors influence cell death
Factors that may directly or indirectly influence cell death or
sublethal damage include :
Solar radiation
Predation
pH
Adsorption/sedimentation
Water temperature
Salinity
Concentration of humic
Time of exposure
substances
higher residence
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1. Bacteria
 The study of Coliform bacteria in the River Seine in
France, (George et al., 2001) shown that grazing by
protozoa was responsible for 47–99% of the mortality
of coliforms in the river.
 The observation that river waters generally contain
higher levels of enteric bacteria than lakes and
reservoirs
 Two classic bacterial indicators of faecal pollution, the
faecal coliforms and the faecal streptococci.
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2. Viruses
Viruses are a leading cause of waterborne gastroenteritis
and five major groups of human gastroenteritis virus have
been dentified:
Rotavirus
Enteric denovirus
Norwalk virus
calicivirus
Astrovirus
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3. Parasitology
Parasites in freshwaters include protozoan
microorganisms such as species of:
 Cyclospora
 Genera Cryptosporidium
 Entamoeba
 Giardia

 Multicellular helminths.
Toxoplasma
All these Parasites lead to animals and human inflection
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4. Cyanobacteria
The cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms that, like the
eukaryotic green algae, are able to carry out photosynthesis
with the production of oxygen.
Over 20 species of cyanobacteria have been associated with
adverse health effects. Acute health effects relate to the
ability of several species to produce toxins that may cause
liver damage, neural damage, and gastrointestinal (GI)
disturbances .
Cyanobacterial toxins are of 3 main types: lipopolysaccharide
endotoxins, hepatotoxins and neurotoxins.
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IV. Surface water quality
and disease
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Case of cholera
Cholera is caused by the ingestion of the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae and the infectious dose of cholera is
normally High(106-108 organisms) but may be as low as
organisms where gastric acidity is neutralized.
Source of disease:
 Bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
 Ground water.
 Material from a leaking cesspool.
 Source raw water.
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V. Protection of surface water from
faecal pollution
• The protection of surface water :
Multiple barrier
Treatment of drinking water
Safe disposal of waste water
Carry out of pollution source
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V. Protection of surface water from
faecal pollution
HACCP Important steps in every HACCP procedure are:
 Setting up and verification of the process flow.
 Executing the hazard analysis identification and
Control measures.
 Identification of the critical control points.
 Establishing corrective actions.
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VI.
IDENTIFICATION OF FAECAL POLLUTION
SOURCES IN SURFACE WATERS
• The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) methodology
• Genotyping methodologies (DNA Methode)
• Application of an artificial neural network (ANN)
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VII. DISCUSSION
 River water is the most logical source of a community’s
drinking water but hygienic quality of river water may
be poor.
 Drinking water treatment plant is followed by a period
of storage and sedimentation prior to further treatment.
 Catchment protection plays an important role in the
multiple barrier approach to breaking the faeco-oral
route.
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References
 Surface waters, byHuw Taylor EPHRLL, School of the
Environment, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
 Wikipidia.com
 Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 3rd Edition
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Thank you very much
For your attention
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