Download Upper Extremities

HUMAN
ANATOMY
The Appendicular
Skeleton
Ch. 8
LATIN TERMS to know!
 Pect = breast
Vert = turn; joint
 Pelv = basin
Endo = within
 Sutur = seam
 Meta = after, adjacent
 Articulus = come together,
joint
Epi= upon
Lamina = thin plate
Condyle = knuckle
Sym = together
Be familiar with all bones & regions identified in the
following notes & all underlined regions of bones!
Appendicular
Skeletal System
126 bones
 Consists of the:

– Upper Extremities
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pectoral Girdle
Humerus
Ulna & radius
Carpal bones
Metacarpals
Phalanges
– Lower Extremities
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pelvic girdle
Femur
Tibia & fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsals
Phalanges
The Upper Extremities
The Upper Extremities
Bones & bone regions to be familiar with!

Pectoral girdle
– Clavicle
– Scapula
• Superior & medial borders
• Lateral border
• Inferior angle
• Caracoid process
• Acromion process


– Radius
– Ulna
• Olecranon process
• Trochlear (semilunar)
notch

Carpals
– Carpus
Brachium
– Humerus
• Head
• Greater & lesser tuberosities
• Medial & lateral epicondyles
• Ulnar nerve
Antebrachium

Metacarpals
– Manus

Phalanges
– Pollex
SUPERIOR
Manubrium
LATERAL
MEDIAL

Clavicles
– “S” shaped bones that
originate at the superior
lateral border of the
manubrium of the
sternum
INFERIOR

Scapulae
– Flat bones located at
the posterior lateral
portion of the body
 Regions to be
familiar with
 Brachium (upper
arm) contains the
humerus
 Antebrachium
(forearm) contains
the radius & ulna
 Humerus: Long bone that extends from
the scapula to the elbow
 Superior round portion that articulates
with the scapula is known as the “head”
 Greater & lesser tuberosities
 Medial & lateral epicondyles
 Sites of skeletal muscle attachment
 “Tuberosity” – refers to a process
 “Epi” – on, “condyle” – knuckle
 Ulnar nerve: runs the length of the
humerus & attaches at the proximal end
of the ulna (olecranon process)
 Blow to this nerve sends sensation
known as a “funny bone”
The humerus articulates with
the radius & ulna at a location
known as the “condyle”
Ulna: long bone that is medial
to radius
Olecranon process: superior/
proximal end of ulna
Forms point of elbow
Trochlear (semilunar) notch:
large depression where distal end
of humerus articulates with the
olecranon process of the ulna
Radius: long bone that is the
lateral bone of forearm
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
V
IV
I
III II

Carpus (wrist) –
– Contains 8 carpal short bones
– 2 rows

Manus (hand) contains 19 bones in 2
groups
– Metacarpals (5 in palm of hand) –
• Short bones that articulate with distal
carpal bones to support the hand
• Roman numerals (I-V) are used to
identify the metacarpals from lateral to
medial
– Phalanges (14 finger bones) –
• Articulate distally to metacarpal bones
– Proximal, middle & distal sets
• Thumb is known as the pollex
– Only has proximal & distal sets
The Lower Extremities
The Lower Extremities
Bones & bone regions to be familiar with!

Pelvic girdle – ossa coxae
– Ilium
– Ischium
– Pubis
• Pubis symphysis
• Acetabulum
• Greater sciatic notch
• Ischial Tuberosity

Patella
 Fibula

– Head

– Tibial Tuberosity
– Lateral & medial condyles

Tarsals
–
–
–
–
–
Femur
Head
Neck
Shaft
Greater (anterior) & Lesser
(posterior) Trochanters
– Medial & Lateral Epicondyles
Tibia
–
–
–
–
Talus
Calcaneous bone
Navicular bone
Cuboid
Lateral, medial & intermediate
cuneiform bones
Metatarsals
 Phalanges

Paired hipbones - “ossa coxae”
 Each hipbone – os coxa

– Fusion of 3 bones
• Ilium (pl. – Ilia)
– Extensive area of muscle,
tendon, ligament attachment
• Ischium (pl. – Ischia)
– Posterior
• Pubis
– Anterior joint - Articulation of pubis bone at the anterior portion
of the pelvic girdle – pubis symphysis
• Fibrocartilage at joint
– Posterior articulation – Ilia articulate to sacrum of vertebral
column
More on the Ossa
Coxae
Ilium

Acetabulum
– Articulation socket of ilia & head of each
femur
– All 3 bones of ossa coxae meet here

Greater sciatic notch –
– Area through which large sciatic nerve
runs & reaches lower extremities
Pubis
Ischium

Ischial Tuberosity –
– Projection on posterior, lateral side of
ischia
– Bears all body weight when sitting

Female:
– Less massive, shallower pubic arch, pelvic inlet round/oval

Male:
– Heavier, upper pelvis nearly vertical, coccyx more vertical, pelvic inlet heartshaped, outlet smaller
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
FEMUR
Longest & heaviest bone in
body
Articulates proximally with
ossa coxae at hip joint &
distally with tibia at knee joint
Regions to identify:
Head
Neck
Shaft
Greater (anterior) & Lesser
(posterior) Trochanters
Medial & Lateral Epicondyles
Patella (Kneecap)

Triangular sesamoid bone

Enclosed in the quadriceps
tendon that secures the
anterior thigh muscles to the tibia (lower limb)

Guards knee joint anteriorly & improves
leverage of thigh muscles acting across knee
joint
Tibia & Fibula
 Tibia –
– Large medial bone that
articulates with the
epicondyles of the femur
– Helps support weight
– “shinbone”
 Fibula –
– Parallels the lateral
border of the tibia
– Aids in moving foot &
toes
II I
III
IV
V

Tarsal bones:
–
–
–
–
–

Talus: ankle
Calcaneous bone: heel bone
Navicular bone
Cuboid
Lateral, medial & intermediate cuneiform
bones
Metatarsals –
– Short bones that articulate with distal tarsal
bones
– Identified by Roman Numerals (I-V)

Phalanges (toes, digits)
– Articulate distally to metatarsal bones
• Proximal, middle, distal (14 total)
• Big toe – “Great toe”
– Has 2 phalanges (proximal & distal)