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HUMAN ANATOMY The Appendicular Skeleton Ch. 8 LATIN TERMS to know! Pect = breast Vert = turn; joint Pelv = basin Endo = within Sutur = seam Meta = after, adjacent Articulus = come together, joint Epi= upon Lamina = thin plate Condyle = knuckle Sym = together Be familiar with all bones & regions identified in the following notes & all underlined regions of bones! Appendicular Skeletal System 126 bones Consists of the: – Upper Extremities • • • • • • Pectoral Girdle Humerus Ulna & radius Carpal bones Metacarpals Phalanges – Lower Extremities • • • • • • Pelvic girdle Femur Tibia & fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsals Phalanges The Upper Extremities The Upper Extremities Bones & bone regions to be familiar with! Pectoral girdle – Clavicle – Scapula • Superior & medial borders • Lateral border • Inferior angle • Caracoid process • Acromion process – Radius – Ulna • Olecranon process • Trochlear (semilunar) notch Carpals – Carpus Brachium – Humerus • Head • Greater & lesser tuberosities • Medial & lateral epicondyles • Ulnar nerve Antebrachium Metacarpals – Manus Phalanges – Pollex SUPERIOR Manubrium LATERAL MEDIAL Clavicles – “S” shaped bones that originate at the superior lateral border of the manubrium of the sternum INFERIOR Scapulae – Flat bones located at the posterior lateral portion of the body Regions to be familiar with Brachium (upper arm) contains the humerus Antebrachium (forearm) contains the radius & ulna Humerus: Long bone that extends from the scapula to the elbow Superior round portion that articulates with the scapula is known as the “head” Greater & lesser tuberosities Medial & lateral epicondyles Sites of skeletal muscle attachment “Tuberosity” – refers to a process “Epi” – on, “condyle” – knuckle Ulnar nerve: runs the length of the humerus & attaches at the proximal end of the ulna (olecranon process) Blow to this nerve sends sensation known as a “funny bone” The humerus articulates with the radius & ulna at a location known as the “condyle” Ulna: long bone that is medial to radius Olecranon process: superior/ proximal end of ulna Forms point of elbow Trochlear (semilunar) notch: large depression where distal end of humerus articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna Radius: long bone that is the lateral bone of forearm Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges V IV I III II Carpus (wrist) – – Contains 8 carpal short bones – 2 rows Manus (hand) contains 19 bones in 2 groups – Metacarpals (5 in palm of hand) – • Short bones that articulate with distal carpal bones to support the hand • Roman numerals (I-V) are used to identify the metacarpals from lateral to medial – Phalanges (14 finger bones) – • Articulate distally to metacarpal bones – Proximal, middle & distal sets • Thumb is known as the pollex – Only has proximal & distal sets The Lower Extremities The Lower Extremities Bones & bone regions to be familiar with! Pelvic girdle – ossa coxae – Ilium – Ischium – Pubis • Pubis symphysis • Acetabulum • Greater sciatic notch • Ischial Tuberosity Patella Fibula – Head – Tibial Tuberosity – Lateral & medial condyles Tarsals – – – – – Femur Head Neck Shaft Greater (anterior) & Lesser (posterior) Trochanters – Medial & Lateral Epicondyles Tibia – – – – Talus Calcaneous bone Navicular bone Cuboid Lateral, medial & intermediate cuneiform bones Metatarsals Phalanges Paired hipbones - “ossa coxae” Each hipbone – os coxa – Fusion of 3 bones • Ilium (pl. – Ilia) – Extensive area of muscle, tendon, ligament attachment • Ischium (pl. – Ischia) – Posterior • Pubis – Anterior joint - Articulation of pubis bone at the anterior portion of the pelvic girdle – pubis symphysis • Fibrocartilage at joint – Posterior articulation – Ilia articulate to sacrum of vertebral column More on the Ossa Coxae Ilium Acetabulum – Articulation socket of ilia & head of each femur – All 3 bones of ossa coxae meet here Greater sciatic notch – – Area through which large sciatic nerve runs & reaches lower extremities Pubis Ischium Ischial Tuberosity – – Projection on posterior, lateral side of ischia – Bears all body weight when sitting Female: – Less massive, shallower pubic arch, pelvic inlet round/oval Male: – Heavier, upper pelvis nearly vertical, coccyx more vertical, pelvic inlet heartshaped, outlet smaller Femur Fibula Tibia FEMUR Longest & heaviest bone in body Articulates proximally with ossa coxae at hip joint & distally with tibia at knee joint Regions to identify: Head Neck Shaft Greater (anterior) & Lesser (posterior) Trochanters Medial & Lateral Epicondyles Patella (Kneecap) Triangular sesamoid bone Enclosed in the quadriceps tendon that secures the anterior thigh muscles to the tibia (lower limb) Guards knee joint anteriorly & improves leverage of thigh muscles acting across knee joint Tibia & Fibula Tibia – – Large medial bone that articulates with the epicondyles of the femur – Helps support weight – “shinbone” Fibula – – Parallels the lateral border of the tibia – Aids in moving foot & toes II I III IV V Tarsal bones: – – – – – Talus: ankle Calcaneous bone: heel bone Navicular bone Cuboid Lateral, medial & intermediate cuneiform bones Metatarsals – – Short bones that articulate with distal tarsal bones – Identified by Roman Numerals (I-V) Phalanges (toes, digits) – Articulate distally to metatarsal bones • Proximal, middle, distal (14 total) • Big toe – “Great toe” – Has 2 phalanges (proximal & distal)