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PSYC 101 – Chapter 3 Finale Psychology The Science of Behavior, 4th Edition Cerebral Cortex Localization Motor Cortex Sensory Cortex Association Cortices Lobes Frontal: movement, emotion, memory, higher-order thinking Broca’s area- speech production Parietal: somatosensory cortex, association areas Occipital: mostly visual cortex Temporal: auditory cortex, Wernike’s area Sex Differences in the Brain •Differences relate to quantity and distribution of sex hormones during development •Females •Better language skills •Arithmetic calculations •Recall of surroundings •Males •Spatial tasks •Math reasoning •Orientation skills •Cognitive differences are most likely related to environmental differences NOT neurological ones Lateralization of function Hemispheres Are assymetrical Have specific functions Differ in electrical and chemical properties Are NOT separate systems Functions as a whole Communication occurs through thick band of conneting nerve fibers called Corpus Collosum Split Brain Research Personality Change after brain injury Phineus Gage Severing the Corpus Collosum Can prevent propagation of severe seizure activity Impact: hemispheres can’t ‘share’ info Recognition and naming happen separately, but the brain is plastic enough to allow for the independent hemispheric functions to be perceived as complete and integrated in most instances Brain Studies More http://bit.ly/ohHq47 Surgical lesions Intentional based on experimental evidence Brain Stimulation Electrical recording-Radioactive labeling- EEG CAT scanning PET scanning MRI and fMRI Endocrine System Ductless gland system Secretes hormones directly into blood or lymphatic system Hormones: chemical messages which regulate function of organs (specific to the organ) Pituitary aka the ‘master gland’ Thyroid: metabolism, growth, maturation Adrenal glands: emotional state, energy, stress response Gonads: ovaries and testicles produce hormones for development of sexual systems, secondary sex characteristics, sexual motivation Drugs and Behavior Drugs, whether prescribed and controlled or experimental or street drugs alter thought, emotion, or behavior The alteration is a result of drug interaction with neurotransmitters Some increase neural activity by releasing neorotransmitters or mimicking excitatory neurotransmitters Some prevent neural transmission by attaching to or binding post-synaptic membranes. Others interfere with reuptake Three major groups Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens Depressants Include: Sedatives, Opiates, Alcohol Sedatives Induce relaxation, calmness, sleep Tranquilizers, barbiturates, benzodiazepines Usually prescribed to control both emotional and physical complaints Historically, some have been over-prescribed, and not for what their function is Often related to drug abuse because Tolerance- need more to have the same impact Availability Combining classes of sedatives can be lethal Sedatives increase GABA receptors to reduce neural activity in frontal cortex and amygdala r/t emotional arousal Opiates aka narcotics Depressant drugs Morphine, codeine, heroin Opiate usage creates sense of well-being, contentment, drowsiness Tolerance leads to dependence Chronic opiate use can damage immune system, making disease occurrence more likely Alcohol Most commonly abused and available addictive depressant Prolonged, excessive use can produce serious medical effects to liver, heart and brain(poor nutrition leads to lack of essential nutrients for brain function), fetal alcohol syndrome Stimulants Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, Cocaine Caffeine In many common products, causes quick increase in heart rate, respiration and blood pressure Can cause dependence Impact on nervous system: blocks adenosine receptors Nicotine 2nd most widely used stimulant Increases HR, BP, stomach activity, constricts blood vessels Can be relaxing OR stimulating (may be related to expectations) Long term effects: heart disease, cancer, respiratory diseases, miscarriages, still births, and SIDS babies Stimulants continued… Amphetamines Powerful stimulants: Rx- Adderall and Dexadrine, streetmethamphetamines Significant increase in alertness and activity, reduce fatigue, promote well-being, euphoria Influence norepinephrine and dopamine by increasing release and preventing reuptake Excess use can cause muscle and jooint aches, tremors, paranoid feelings Extreme cases: repetitive motor response(punding) and amphetamine psychosis – paranoia, hallucinations, difficulty recognizing people Stimulants continued… Cocaine Powerful CNS stimulant All forms create effects similar to amphetamines Short-acting, metabolized quickly, leads to needing more, more often to produce expected result Alters dopamine activity Powerfully addictive; leads to heart and lung damage, anemia, immune system impairment, and rarely, sudden death No known cure but a vaccine has been developed (in the author’s lab) that may become available to help treat Hallucinogens: LSD and Ecstasy LSD had potential for good effects for treating behavioral and emotional disorders and pain management, but found to have too many unpredictable effects hallucinogens …LSD Still popular as a street drug to “expand consciousness” Powerful hallucinogen. Can distort sensations, feelings, time, thought Can be mind-expanding and pleasant or nightmarish- unpredictably Action on the brain not well understood but may cause sensory information processing overload Ecstasy (MDMA) Less powerful than LSD Produces visual and body distortions in some users. Effects range from sense of well-being and mood enhancement to depersonalization and thought disturbances Causes release of large amount of serotonin and interferes with its synthesis Hyperthermia, >HR, >bp, muscle rigidity, convulsions HIGHLY toxic to nervous system, destroys serotonin-containing neurons Marijuana Widely used illegal psychoactive drug Active component is THC Anadamide is the naturally occurring binding substance for THC receptors in the brain Regulates mood, pain, movement, and… appetite Effects include increased heart rate and appetite Small doses may produce euphoria and enhance sensory experiences Impairs reaction time and concentration; may cause confusion, agitation, anxiety Impairs perceptual skills and motor coordination Can be therapeutic in epilepsy, glaucoma, chemotherapy, and AIDSrelated weight loss
