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The Three Monotheistic Religions Judaism, Christianity, & Islam The Holy Land Long ago, Hebrews of Mesopotamia migrated west Called that land Israel Jerusalem, the capital of modern-day Israel, was the major city The Birthplace of 3 Religions Over centuries, this land was conquered and controlled by many The Romans drove the Jews out of Israel Arabs took over around 600 A.D. With each new group, a new religion was born As a result, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have origins in Jerusalem Judaism Oldest monotheistic religion Fundamental Beliefs: There is a single, all-powerful God The Ten Commandments Called Yahweh, or Jehovah Created the universe and everything in it given to Moses on Mount Sinai Laws for leading a life devoted to God Jerusalem, and Israel, is the land God promised to Abraham A Messiah will come one day to end all evil Holy Text - The Torah The Torah is the holy text God gave the Torah to the Jews as a guide to living a holy & obedient life The Talmud is the Holy Book of Law A copy of the Torah, written in Hebrew, must be kept in a synagogue Synagogue – religious house of worship Important Jewish Figures Abraham Born in Ur (Mesopotamia) Made covenant with God Ancestor of the Jews Moses Jewish prophet Brought the Ten Commandments to the Jews from God Jewish Holidays Hannukah Yom Kippur Festival of Lights Rededicates the Temple of Jerusalem Day of Atonement (forgiveness) Rosh Hashanah Jewish New Year Judaism Facts 12 millions followers around the world If not for the Holocaust, Jewish population would be near 35 million worldwide Most Jews live in Israel or in the USA Jewish community leader called a rabbi Holy Day, or Sabbath, is from sunset Friday to sunset Saturday Christianity Founded by Jews, called Disciples Started between 4 B.C. and 30 A.D. Fundamental beliefs: God created, maintains, and will destroy the Earth The Ten Commandments Jesus, the Messiah, died for mankind’s sins so humans may have eternal life in Heaven Love thy neighbor Holy Text - The Bible Divided into Old Testament and New Testament Old Testament = Jewish Torah (written before Jesus was born) New Testament = the four Gospels (written after Jesus died) Important Christian Figures Jesus Holy Spirit Son of God, who is the human form of God Spirit of God that can enter humans Holy Trinity – the three forms of God God, in Heaven Jesus, God’s human form on Earth Holy Spirit, inside all humans Christian Holidays Christmas The birth of Jesus Easter Jesus’ death and resurrection into Heaven Christianity Facts About 2 billion Christians worldwide Christianity divided into two sects (groups) Roman Catholic (1 billion) Spread after the Roman Empire became Christian Pope is the leader of the Church Protestant (1 billion) Martin Luther protested against the Catholic Church in the 1500’s Many Protestant faiths: Baptist Lutheran Presbyterian Episcopalian (Anglican) Pentecostal Islam Founded around 600 A.D. in Saudi Arabia Fundamental beliefs: There is only one god named Allah Muhammad is the true prophet Mecca is the most holy place on Earth The 5 Pillars of Islam The 5 Pillars of Islam Pillar 1 – Shahada Pillar 2 – Salat Give a portion of one’s income to the poor/charities Pillar 4 – Sawm Pray 5 times daily facing toward the holy city of Mecca Pillar 3 – Zakat There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger Do not eat or drink from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan Pillar 5 – Hajj If in good health, make a pilgrimage (journey) to Mecca at least once in a lifetime Important Muslim Leader Muhammad Lived about 600 years after Jesus Was a trader and traveled in caravans Was visited by the angel Gabriel who was sent by God Along the routes, learned about the Jewish and Christian faiths Retold those messages to others who became his followers Believed it was the true version of Judaism Mecca Mecca, located in Saudi Arabia, is the holiest site Used to be Jerusalem until Muhammad cut ties with Jewish religion Millions make pilgrimage yearly Birthplace of Muhammad The location Muslims orient to when praying Holy Text - The Quran The Quran = collection of the messages sent by God to Muhammad through Gabriel Many Muslims believe the only true Quran is written in Arabic Sharia Law Not a part of the Quran, but derived from it Religious code for living Today, used as governing laws for many Arab nations Islamic Holidays Ramadan Most holy month of the Islamic Calendar 1 month of daytime fasting Time for reflection, devotion to God, & practicing self-control Hajj Pilgrimage to the House of Allah in Mecca Time set aside during the 12th month of the Islamic Calendar Islam Facts About 1 billion Muslims worldwide Most live in the Arab nations of the Middle East Many Middle East nations are theocracies Theocracy = religion and government are the same Sharia Law is the governing law Two major groups: Sunni Follow the elected Muslim leaders Majority of Muslims (940 million) Shia Follow the descendents of the family of Muhammad as leaders