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PLANTS STUDY GUIDE Topics: I. Plant Organs What are the three main organs in a plant? Roots, Stems, Leaves Leaf What is a leaf? A basic plant organ attached to the stem that serves as the site for photosynthesis. What is transpiration? The loss of water in a plant What is photosynthesis? (in detail!) The process where green plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose (food for the plant) and oxygen (released). Explain why photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complimentary processes Photosynthesis Equation: CO2 + H2O Sunlight C6H12O6 (Glucose) + O2 Cellular Respiration Equation: C6H12O6 +O2 CO2 + O2 + Energy What is the equation for photosynthesis? Photosynthesis Equation: CO2 + H2O Sunlight C6H12O6 (Glucose) + O2 Define these leaf structures: Stomata – Tiny openings on a leaf where gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide enter and leave a plant Guard Cells – Regulate the opening and closing of stomata Chlorophyll – Pigment that traps sunlight and makes plants green. Epidermis – Top “skin” layer of a leaf. Circle the correct underlined term(s) in the following statement: A plant that lives in the dry desert contains fewer / more / the same amount of stomata found on plants in more temperate climates. ***Be able to… label internal structure of a leaf! ~~Flowers~~ What is a flower? Reproductive structure of a plant What is pollination? Transfer of pollen from one stamen to a pistil via wind, water, pollinators Define these terms Stamen – Male part of the flower that is made up of a filament and anther. Filamet – Holds the Anther up. Anther – Houses pollen Pollen – On the anther, pollen contains sperm Pistil – Female part of the flower that is made up of the stima, style, and ovary Style – The stalk of the pistil Ovary – Part of the pistil that houses ovules and becomes the fruit Ovules – Eggs contained in the ovary – becomes the seed. Sepal – Leaf-like structures that protect the young bud of a flower. Receptacle – Hold the reproductive structures of a flower up. Petals ***Be able to… label parts of the flower! Stem What are the three important functions of stems? Vascular transport, to produce leaves branches and flowers, and to hold up leaves toward sunlight. What structures transport materials through a plant? What transports sugar? What transports water? Phloem; Xylem What is the difference between primary and secondary growth of stems? Primary growth occurs at the ends of plants and increases the length. Secondary growth occurs in the stems and increases the width. Roots What are the two main types of roots? How do they look? Taproot and Fibrous root What are the two main functions of roots? Hold the plant in the ground; Transport water and nutrients **Be able to….label basic parts of a taproot! II. Plant Tissues What are the three main tissue systems in plants? Dermal, Vascular, Ground, Meristematic Describe the function of each plant tissue Dermal – Protective ‘skin’ tissue on the outside of plants. Vascular – Tissue used for transport of materials; aka, xylem and phloem Ground – Tissues that lie between dermal and vascular tissues. What kind of plant tissue is responsible for plant growth? Where is this tissue? Meristematic tissue is located at the tips of stems and roots. Name the three processes that help water move up a plant. Scientists call the explanation for how water moves through plants the cohesion-tension theory. It involves three main factors: Transpiration: Transpiration is the technical term for the evaporation of water from plants. As water evaporates through the stomata in the leaves (or any part of the plant exposed to air), it creates a negative pressure (also called tension or suction) in the leaves and tissues of the xylem. The negative pressure exerts a pulling force on the water in the plant’s xylem and draws the water upward (just like you draw water upward when you suck on a straw). Cohesion: When water molecules stick to one another through cohesion, they fill the column in the xylem and act as a huge single molecule of water (like water in a straw). Capillary action: Capillary action is the movement of a liquid across the surface of a solid caused by adhesion between the two. When you a place a tube in water, water automatically moves up the sides of the tube because of adhesion, even before you apply any sucking force. Sketch a tree and illustrate the direction of the water and nutrient flow inside. Label the following: xylem, direction of water flow, phloem, direction of nutrient flow. III. Seeds What is Germination? The process by which a plant grows from a seed. Flowering plants produce what two types of seeds? Monocots and Dicots Create a chart comparing the characteristics of the two types of seeds: FEATURE Cotyledons Leaf venation Root system Number of floral parts Vascular bundle position Woody or herbaceous MONOCOTS 1 parallel fibrous In 3’s scattered Woody or herbaceous DICOTS 2 broad tap 4 and 5’s In a circle either Seed parts – For each term— What are they? Where are they located? (Please see diagram.) http://myzone.stormerhost.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/parts-of-aseed.jpg Seed Coat- the protective outer cover of a seed Cotyledon: A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon usually becomes the embryonic first leaves of a seedling. Embryo: A plant embryo is a young and developing plant. Radicle: the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root.