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Ancient Egypt One of the first great civilizations Geography • Egypt is located in northeastern Africa • The Nile River runs the length of the country flowing south to north • The river begins in the mountains of Africa and empties into the Mediterranean Sea • The climate is hot and dry, part of the Sahara Desert http://www.worldcountries.info/Maps/GoogleMap-Egypt.php http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/geography/explore/ter.html Timeline • Old Kingdom 2650 BC – 2134 BC • Middle Kingdom 2125 BC – 1550 BC • New Kingdom 1550 BC – 1295 BC http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/resources/timeline.html 1 Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt OLD KINGDOM Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods. Egyptians built pyramids at Giza. Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom. MIDDLE KINGDOM Large drainage project created arable farmland. Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete. Corruption and rebellions were common. Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region. NEW KINGDOM Powerful pharaohs created a large empire that reached the Euphrates River. Hatshepsut encouraged trade. Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria. Egyptian power declined. Geography • Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions: Upper and Lower Egypt • Lower (northern) Egypt consisted of the Nile River's delta made by the river as it empties into the Mediterranean. • Upper Egypt was the long, narrow strip of ancient Egypt located south of the Delta. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/geography/home.html Union of Two Crowns • Red Crown – Upper Egypt • White Crown – Lower Egypt • Menes – Overthrew the king of Lower Egypt – Wore a Double Crown • Unification – Joining of separate parts into one whole The Nile River • The Nile was the lifeblood of ancient Egypt • It made life possible in the otherwise barren desert of Egypt. • It is the longest river in the world (4,184 miles). • It served as a source of food for the people of ancient Egypt • It was the major source of water for bathing and drinking • The Nile was crucial for farming Blue Nile White Nile White & Blue Nile Meet in Sudan Floodplain • The low strip of fertile land located on either side of the Nile River • The river flooded during the annual inundation (flood) • When the inundation subsided, it left the earth soaked and overlaid with a fresh layer of black silt. • Most of the farming occurred here Floodplain Nile Delta • Located in northern Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and empties into the Mediterranean Sea • 150 miles of coastline, 100 miles in length • Rich agricultural region • Most fertile soil in Africa Bordered on the south, east and west by the Sahara Desert, and on the north by the sea, ancient Egypt was protected from outside influences. Great Sahara Desert Life in Ancient Egypt • Life centered around the Nile river • Yearly floods brought nutrients to the soil • The river was a main route of travel Social Pyramid of Egypt • Pharaoh • Upper Class – Royal Family, Government Officials, Army Officers, Priests, Landowners, and Doctors • Middle Class – Merchants, Manufacturers, and Artisans • Lower Class – Unskilled Laborers and Farmers • Slaves and Servants Egyptian Religion • Polytheism – About 2000 gods & goddesses – Amon-Ra – Osiris – Horis • Death and Funerals – Three souls “ka, ba, and akh” – Embalming – Burial Tombs Religion • Belief that many gods and goddesses ruled the world and the afterlife Amon-Re: sun god Osiris: god of the underworld and of the Nile • The pharaoh was believed to be a god as well as a ruler Falcon Headed Sun God Religion • Belief in eternal life after death. Relied on the Book of the Dead to help them through the afterworld. • Practiced mummification, the preservation of the body for use in the next life. Book of the Dead Collection of spells, hymns, and prayers intended to secure a safe passage to the underworld for the deceased Building the Pyramids • Built as tombs for the Pharaohs • Afterlife – Housed everything needed for the Pharaoh • Khufu’s pyramid – Total number of blocks • 2,300,000 – One block’s average weight • 2.5 tons – Number of blocks added each day • 285 The Afterlife? • Elaborate death ritual • Embalming Procedure – Directed by Priests • Uses sophisticated tools and techniques • HOWEVER – It is not a medical procedure • He is already dead! Mummification Excessive respect for the Dead body • (A) ANUBIS The priest in charge of the mummification wore the mask of Anubis (the god of the dead). (B) INCENSE A priest stands by, holding sweet-smelling incense. (C) WRAPPING THE BODY The body, or mummy, was wrapped in layers of linen before being placed in the coffin. (D) NATRON Natron, a kind of soda, was placed in the body to dry it out before it was wrapped in linen. (E) SOAKING THE BANDAGES Sometimes, linen strips were soaked in plaster so they would harden when dry. Will hinder medical developments for many years Sacred Body does not allow for exploration or experimentation. Dissection Forbidden Egypt’s Economy • Pharaoh was at the center of the economy • Based upon Agriculture • Pharaoh took taxes on the crops that were grown, and goods that were made • Goods were “bartered” or traded for other needed goods A System of Writing • Hieroglyphics – Used to keep record • Scribes – Record keepers – Original Accountants • Papyrus – Paper made from plants • Rosetta Stone – Transcribed Hieroglyphics, Greek, and Demotic Writing Making paper from papyrus What are hieroglyphics? • Hieroglyphics are the picture writing used in ancient Egypt. The word hieroglyphics is made up of two Greek words - hieros, which means sacred, and glyphe, which means carving. • The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system consists of several hundred picture signs. The signs can be divided into two classes, phonograms and ideograms Phonograms represent sounds, much as alphabet letters do. Ideograms are signs that represent whole words or concepts. Children in Egypt RICH • Children of Pharaoh swam in palace pools • Learned their parents trade • Spun tops, and played games • • • • POOR Swam in canals Worked alongside their parents Little time to play Daily chores Legacy of Egypt • Greece and Rome conquer Egypt • Greece and Rome respect many of the Egyptian ideas on medicine • Egyptian Physicians in demand in Ancient Greece • Role of Alexandria What was new in Egyptian Medicine? (compared to Prehistoric Medicine) What was the same? What was new in Egyptian Medicine? What was the same? (compared to Prehistoric Medicine) Master Physicians Herbal remedies Attempt to explain diseases (Nile Theory) Role of Gods and Spirits Can identify parts of the body Little understanding of internal workings of body Imported new herbs from other civilisations No idea what actually caused diseases Metal Instruments Paid for medical care Some Public Health measures Hygiene identified Pyramids The Great Sphinx Credits Websites • • http://www2.sptimes.com/Egypt/EgyptCredit.4.3.html http://www.sxc.hu/browse.phtml Text • Banks, James A. , Gloria Contreras, Jean Craven, and Gloria Ladson-Billings. World: Adventures in Time and Place. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 1999.