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Introducing: Memory AKA: Why Did I Come in Here?? Chapter 7 Introduction to Psychology Quiz Question #3 Fact or Fiction: If you are unsure of an answer on an exam, stick with your initial hunch. Introduction to Psychology Quiz Question #4 Fact or Fiction: Memorizing things is the BEST way to learn and remember them. Defining Memory Memory: an active system that: 1. receives information from the senses 2. organizes it into a useable form (encoding) 3. stores (storage) and retrieves it (retrieval) -Brain physiology changes when we learn new skills Popular Models of Memory 1. Information Processing Model -memory viewed as similar to a computer in the way that it handles (processes) information -incoming information is said to be handled in 3 stages: -encoding: getting information into memory -storage: keeping information in memory -retrieval: getting information out of memory 2. Levels-of-Processing Model -information is remembered BETTER (longer, more efficiently) when it is processed on a deeper level (processed via meaning, personal usefulness, etc.) Types of Long Term Memory 50 First Dates: A Critical Look INACCURACIES: -no such thing as ‘Goldfield’s Syndrome’ -what is portrayed is called ‘anterograde amnesia’ -most individuals are hospitalized; inability to cope with the world -individuals CAN ENCODE AND STORE memories, but can not RETRIEVE THEM ACCURATE PORTRAYAL OF: -the existence of such a condition -usually a result of brain damage to the hippocampus -individuals really stuck in time -10 second Tom! There was a 7 second Clive (Clive Wearing) POINT OF INTEREST: -because memories are encoded and stored, individuals CAN be affected by them even though they do not realize it!!! -e.g., Clive kept a journal and knew where he kept it but would say that no such journal exists if asked about keeping a journal Amnesia HM and Anterograde Amnesia (video) Retrograde Amnesia: -inability to remember events from the point of trauma BACKWARD (not remembering events PRIOR to the trauma) Infantile Amnesia: inability to remember events prior to 2 years of age -brain structures immature (not completely developed) -lack of a complete sense of self -lack of sufficient language skills to synthesize early experiences -protective mechanism: forgetting traumatic events Processes of Memory Retrieval Recognition -cues present to help -choosing from options -e.g., multiple-choice exams -retrieval cues: -encoding specificity: -context-dependent learning -state-dependent learning Recall -pulling out of memory -no options provided -e.g., essays, short answer Processes of Memory Retrieval Recognition -cues present to help -choosing from options -e.g., multiple-choice exams -retrieval cues: -encoding specificity: -context-dependent learning -state-dependent learning Recall -pulling out of memory -no options provided -e.g., essays, short answer -serial position effects: -primacy effect -recency effect Processes of Memory Retrieval Long Term Memory Self-Reference Effect: information is remembered longer and is easier to retrieve when processed in relation to the self; a type of elaborative rehearsal Applications to Daily Life -Eyewitness Testimony -Eyewitness testimony: notoriously unreliable! -Memories are RECONSTRUCTIVE: we add, re-shape, and change our memories based on new information -Other biases involved as well: -Weapon effect: focus on a weapon which takes away from focusing on other parts of the situation Applications to Daily Life -Hunches on exams? Stick with your first answer? -First instinct fallacy -NOT backed by research -Over 60 studies have found that statistically, students were MORE likely to change from a wrong to a RIGHT answer than the other way around (as long as you had a reason for the change and not random guessing; Lilienfeld, Lynn, Ruscio, & Beyerstein, 2009) -Myth persists because we remember NEGATIVE things better than POSITIVE things (survival value!) -We are more likely to remember changing a correct answer to a wrong one than the other way around! Introduction to Psychology Quiz Question #3 Fact or Fiction: If you are unsure of an answer on an exam, stick with your initial hunch. Introduction to Psychology Quiz Question #4 Fact or Fiction: Memorizing things is the BEST way to learn and remember them. Questions, Comments, Confusions?