Download Respiratory Differentiation

Respiratory System
• Ventilation- process of moving the
respiratory medium so that the respiratory
surface is constantly exposed to a fresh
supply of oxygen.
• Respiration- Using the oxygen as a form of
energy. Broke into 3 phases: External,
Internal and Cellular.
Means Of Acquiring Oxygen
• Body Surface: organisms that acquire
oxygen through skin, frogs, reptiles.
• Gills: acquire oxygen through gills.
• Trachea: acquire oxygen though tiny holes
in abdomen and thorasic region. Insects
• Lungs: Mammals
Movement of Oxygen
• Air enters the body though nose, moistened,
warmed, and filtered, passes to nasal cavity.
• Air passes to pharynx (which has the epiglottis
that prevents food from entering the trachea).
• Continues to upper part of trachea, called the
larynx.
• Vocal cords are two bands of tissue that extend
across the opening of the larynx.
• Then it passes into the bronchi, carries air in and
out of lungs.
Human Respiration
Upper Respiratory
Lower Respiratory
Respiratory System
Lungs
• After reaching
bronchi, oxygen
passes to
bronchioles.
• Then to alveoli.
• And finally alveolar
sac, where oxygen
and carbon dioxide
are exchanged.
Movement of Oxygen
• Movement of an oxygen-containing medium so it
contacts a moist membrane overlying blood
vessels. High moisture results in faster diffusion
of O2.
• Diffusion of oxygen from the medium into the
blood.
• Transport of oxygen to the tissues and cells of
the body.
• Diffusion of oxygen from the blood into cells.
• Carbon dioxide follows reverse path.
Respiratory Differentiation
Gills
Trachea Respiration
Bird Respiration
Respiratory Cycle in a Bird
•
•
Air is breathed in through two nostrils situated at the
base of the bill (except in Kiwis where they are at
the tip of the bill and gannets where nostrils have
become redundant and breathing is through the
mouth). This air enters the 'trachea' then passes
down the throat until it reaches the syrinx (a bird's
vocal chords). Here the trachea divides into two
'bronchi' before passing through the lungs. This
freshly inhaled air goes first, not to the lungs, but to
the abdominal air sacs. These are the largest and
most important of a bird's air sacs. Some of this
inhaled air goes to the posterior air sacs also.
When the bird breathes out this air moves from
these air sacs into the lungs. When the bird
breathes in again, this air moves from the lungs to
the interclavicular, thoracic and anterior air sacs.
When the bird breathes out a second time the air
passes up the bronchus and out of the bird's
system. Thus it takes two breaths and not one for
air to pass in and out of a bird's respiratory system.
Also important to note is the fact that air passes
right through the lungs, this allows for an almost
continuos flow of air over the 'alveoli' and for a
greater exchange rate in gases. This exchange rate
is also enhanced by the fact that bird alveoli are 10
to 100 times smaller than ours giving a far greater
surface area per volume for gaseous exchange to
take place.
Inhalation/Exhalation
Disorders of the Respiratory
System
• Hiccups: spasms of the diaphragm thought
to be caused by not enough carbon
dioxide. Can be cured by breathing in bag
• Rhinitis: inflammation of the mucus
membrane in the nose, due to a common
cold, allergies, etc.
• Pharyngitis: sore throat, could be due to a
viral infection such as the common cold or
flu or bacteria.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System
• Laryngitis: inflammation of the vocal cords
in which the person partially or totally
loses his/her voice.
• Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi,
causing them to over-secrete mucus,
which in turn, causes coughing to get it out
• Pneumonia and Tuberculosis: infect the
lungs.
• Apnea: cessation of breathing.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System
• Pleurisy: infection of the pleural membranes
lining the inside of the chest cavity and coating
the lungs. Normally these membranes are very
slippery, aiding in breathing, but when they
become infected, they don’t slide over each
other as well, and breathing becomes painful.
• Emphysema: progressive loss of elasticity in the
lungs due to rupture of some alveolar walls,
coalescing of alveoli, and form scar tissue.
• Lung Cancer