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Chapter 4: Microbial Diversity, Part 1: Acellular and Procaryotic Microbes 1 Chapter 4 Microbial Diversity Part 1: Acellular and Procaryotic Microbes Primary Objectives of the Chapter Chapter 4 introduces students to acellular microbes (viruses, viroids, and prions) and procaryotic microbes (bacteria and archaea). Photosynthetic bacteria and unique bacteria (e.g., rickettsias, chlamydias, mycoplasmas, and especially large and especially small bacteria) are discussed in this chapter. The information in Chapter 4 is considered essential in an introductory microbiology course. Recommended Reading The following titles are available from the American Society for Microbiology (http://www.asmpress.org): Archea: Molecular and Cellular Biology. R. Cavicchioli. ISBN: 978-1-55581-391-8. ASM Press, 2007. Phages: Their Role in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Biotechnology. M.K. Waldor, et al. ISBN: 978-1-55581-307-9. ASM Press, 2005. Viruses and the Evolution of Life. L.P. Villarreal. ISBN: 978-1-55581-309-3. ASM Press, 2005. Suggested Laboratory Exercises 1. Instructors could show videos or DVDs pertaining to any of the following topics: viruses, viroids, prions, the Kingdom Procaryotae, the Domains Bacteria and Archaea, staining procedures. 2. Students could examine bacterial colonies both macroscopically and by using a dissecting microscope. Instructor could discuss colony morphology of bacteria (overall appearance, elevation, margin, color, odor). 3. Students could make hanging-drop preparations of motile bacteria and observe motility. 4. Students could examine a Gram-stained mixture of Gram-positive cocci and yeasts, noting differences in size and shape. Chapter 4: Microbial Diversity, Part 1: Acellular and Procaryotic Microbes 2 5. Students could prepare, fix, and Gram stain a smear of material collected by sterile swab from their own oral cavity. They could draw or describe the morphology of the bacteria and epithelial cells that they observe. 6. Students could prepare, fix, and Gram stain smears prepared from colonies of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli. 7. Students could stain smears of spore-forming bacteria, using an endospore stain. 8. Students could perform a capsule-staining procedure, or observe prepared microscope slides of encapsulated bacteria. 9. Students could examine prepared microscope slides depicting various shapes of bacteria and various types of staining procedures. Prepared microscope slides can be obtained from various biological supply companies, including Carolina (http://www.carolina.com) and Ward’s (http://wardsci.com). 10. Laboratory Exercises entitled “Differential Stains” and “Bacterial ID” are available at http://scienceprofonline.googlepages.com/virtualmicrobiologyclasslaboratory. 11. Check for applicable laboratory activity kits at the Carolina and Ward’s web sites. 12. Appropriate laboratory exercises are described in the various microbiology laboratory manuals available from Amazon (http://www.amazon.com). Applicable Audiovisual Aids 1. The following A-V materials are available from Films for the Humanities & Sciences (http://www.films.com): “Alien Underworld: The Search for the Smallest Living Organism” (DVD; ISBN 978-14213-1902-5) “Bacteria” (DVD; ISBN 978-0-7365-0410-2) “Bacterialand” (DVD; ISBN 978-1-4213-8995-0) “Danger: Virus!” (DVD; ISBN 978-1-4213-9025-3) “Humans and Bacteria” (DVD; ISBN 978-0-7365-7954-4) “Microbe Invasion” (DVD; ISBN 978-0-7365-8096-0) “Microorganisms” (DVD; ISBN 978-1-4213-1422-8) “The Age of Viruses” (DVD; ISBN 978-1-4213-4960-2) “The Emerging Viruses” (DVD; ISBN 978-0-7365-7929-2) “Understanding Bacteria” (DVD; ISBN 978-0-7365-4977-6) “Viruses” (DVD; ISBN 978-0-7365-7961-2) Chapter 4: Microbial Diversity, Part 1: Acellular and Procaryotic Microbes 2. The following materials are available from Insight Media (http://www.insight-media.com): “Beating Bacteria: E. coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella” (DVD; BAP3417) “Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and the Prokaryotic Domains” (DVD; BAP2781) “Humans and Bacteria” (DVD; BAP3117) “Understanding Viruses” (DVD; BAP3068) 3. Additional applicable A-V materials are available from Carolina and Ward’s. Answers to the Chapter 4 Self-Assessment Exercises in the Text 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. D A A C A B C A D A Answers to the Additional Chapter 4 Self-Assessment Exercises on the Student CD-ROM Matching Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. A D C B E E A B C D 3 Chapter 4: Microbial Diversity, Part 1: Acellular and Procaryotic Microbes True/False Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. True False (They contain either DNA or RNA.) False (Archaeon cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan.) False (Temperate bacteriophages cause lysogeny.) False (Yes they can.) False (Viroids and prions are infectious agents that are smaller than viruses.) True False (Prions are infectious proteins; viroids are infectious RNA molecules.) True True 4