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Transcript
ECOLOGY Notes (Chapter 2) Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Ecology Study of the natural relationships among living organisms and the interactions the organisms have with their environments. Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships The Biosphere A thin layer around Earth Extends several kilometers above the Earth’s surface Extends several kilometers below the ocean’s surface Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships The Biosphere Does the biosphere include lava near the core of the earth? A. Yes B. No Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Biotic Factors Living factors in an organism’s environment Symbiotic relationships Abiotic Factors Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment Organisms adapt to survive in the abiotic factors present in their natural environment. Checkpoint Quiz • On a half sheet of paper (with your name on it) complete the following after watching the following video: – Independently identify 2 possible biotic factors and 4 abiotic factors. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbvBn3CgBTw The humidity around the moss growing on a rock. A. Abiotic factor B. Biotic factor C. Neither one Which of the following is abiotic? A. A bee landing on a rose to collect pollen B. The shade tree growing next to the rose C. The amount of sun the rose gets per day Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Levels of Organization Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase. Biome The photo shows an example of a A. ecosystem B. biosphere C. organism D. population The photo shows an example of a A. ecosystem B. population C. biosphere D. organism The two types of animals gathering below are an example of A. population a B. community C. ecosystem D. organism CHECKPOINT QUIZ • On the back of your half sheet of paper (with your name on it) put the following into a flow chart to show correct order of organization. – (Go smallest to biggest.) Biome Ecosystem Population Organism Biosphere Community Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Ecosystem Interactions A habitat is an area where an organism lives. A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment. Having unique niche reduces competition Which of the following describes a niche? A. A seagull floating on the surface of the ocean B. A worm decomposing dead leaf particles in soil C. A dead snail rotting on a rock in the forest Which picture shows a niche? A. [Option 1] B. [Option 2] C. [Option 3] Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Community Interactions Competition Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time Predation Many species get their food by eating other organisms. What is the difference between a predator and a parasite? A. Parasite kills then consumes; predator feeds but doesn’t kill. B. Predators and parasites eat the organism after killing it. C. Predators kill and eat; parasite eats without killing. Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Symbiotic Relationships The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together Species A Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Competition Species B Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Energy in an Ecosystem Autotrophs Organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food Heterotrophs Organism that gets it energy requirements by consuming other organisms A lynx is a heterotroph. Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Detritivores eat fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem, and return nutrients to the soil, air, and water where the nutrients can be reused by organisms. Fungus Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow Food chains and food webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem. Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. Model Ecosystems Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Food Chains A food chain is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem. Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Food Webs A food web is a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms. Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology