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Name: ____________________
Period: ______
Test 2 Study Guide
1. Explain how the digestive system works.
2. Explain the function of each.
a. Liver:
b. Gallbladder:
c. Large intestine:
d. Small intestine:
e. Stomach:
f. Pancreas:
g. Esophagus:
h. Salivary glands:
3. Describe the process of peristalsis.
4. Draw the digestive system and label the parts. Use the picture from your notes!
5. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
6. What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
7. Define the 3 types of blood vessels:
a. Veins:
b. Arteries:
c. Capillaries:
8. What causes the “lub-dub” sounds of the heart?
9. What are the upper chambers of the heart called? What are the lower chambers of the heart called?
Draw a diagram and label the parts. Use the picture from your notes!
Upper chamber=
Lower chamber=
Be sure to include the arrows that show
the direction of oxygen rich blood and
oxygen poor blood flow through both
sides of the heart.
10. What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation? Draw them. Label oxygen rich
blood and oxygen poor blood.
11. Explain the process of respiration describing what happens when the diaphragm contracts and relaxes.
12. What is the function of the respiratory system?
13. Define the main parts of the respiratory system.
A) Nose:
B) Pharynx:
C) Larynx:
D) Trachea:
E) Lungs:
F) Bronchioles:
G) Alveoli:
14. How does the cardiovascular system and respiratory system work together?
15. How does the cardiovascular system and digestive system work together?
Name: ____________________
Period: ______
Chapter 2 Study Guide
ANSWERS
1. Explain how the digestive system works.
The digestion works by moving food through the GI tract. Digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and ends in
the small intestine. As food passes through the GI tract, it mixes with digestive juices, causing large molecules of
food to break down into smaller molecules. The body then absorbs these smaller molecules through the walls of
the small intestine into the bloodstream, which delivers them to the rest of the body. Waste products of digestion
pass through the large intestine and out of the body as a solid matter called stool.
2. Explain the function of each.
a. Liver: The liver produces a digestive juice called bile that is stored in the gallbladder. The bile mixes with
the fat in food. The bile acids dissolve fat into the watery contents of the intestine.
b. Gallbladder: The gallbladder stores bile between meals. When a person eats, the gallbladder squeezes
bile through the bile ducts, which connect the gallbladder and liver to the small intestine
c. Large intestine: The waste products of the digestive process include undigested parts of food and older
cells from the GI tract lining. Muscles push these waste products into the large intestine. The large
intestine absorbs water and any remaining nutrients and changes the waste from liquid into stool. The
rectum stores stool until it pushes stool out of the body during a bowel movement.
d. Small intestine: The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas,
liver, and intestine and push the mixture forward to help with further digestion. The walls of the small
intestine absorb the digested nutrients into the bloodstream. The blood delivers the nutrients to the rest of
the body.
e. Stomach: The stomach stores swallowed food and liquid, mixes the food and liquid with digestive juice it
produces, and slowly empties its contents, called chyme, into the small intestine. The muscle of the upper
part of the stomach relaxes to accept large volumes of swallowed material from the esophagus. The
muscle of the lower part of the stomach mixes the food and liquid with digestive juice.
f. Pancreas: The pancreas produces a juice containing several enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins in food. The pancreas delivers digestive juice to the small intestine through small tubes
called ducts.
g. Esophagus: When a person swallows, food pushes into the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries
food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. Once swallowing begins, it becomes involuntary and
proceeds under the control of the esophagus and brain. The lower esophageal sphincter, a ringlike
muscle at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, controls the passage of food and liquid between
the esophagus and stomach. As food approaches the closed sphincter, the muscle relaxes and lets food
pass through to the stomach.
h. Salivary glands: Saliva produced by the salivary glands moistens food so it moves more easily through
the esophagus into the stomach. Saliva also contains an enzyme that begins to break down the starches
from food.
3. Describe the process of peristalsis.
Smooth muscle in the GI Tract contract and relax to push food and liquids through the digestive
system.
4. Draw the digestive system and label the parts. Use the picture from your notes!
5. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking the food into smaller pieces. Mechanical
digestion begins in the mouth as the food is chewed.
Chemical digestion involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that can be used
by the cells. Chemical digestion begins in the mouth when food mixes with saliva.
6. What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
To get oxygen into the blood system and release carbon dioxide.
7. What causes the “lub-dub” sounds of the heart?
The valves opening and closing.
8. What are the upper chambers of the heart called? What are the lower chambers of the heart called?
Draw a simple diagram here with labels:
Be sure to include the arrows that show
the direction of blood flow through both
sides of the heart.
Upper chamber = Atrium
Lower chamber = Ventricle
9. What are the three types of blood vessels and how are they different from each other?
A) Arteries :Carries blood AWAY from the heart to organs.
B) Capillaries :Tiny blood vessels that allow exchange of gasses and wastes between blood and cells
in other tissues. Location where cellular respiration occurs throughout the body . . . and where
CO2 is released and O2 is taken in in the alveoli of the lungs.
C)
Veins :Carry blood to the heart.
10. What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation? Draw them.
Pulmonary- The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
The capillaries of pulmonary circulation are where CO2 is released and O2 is taken in in the alveoli of
the lungs.
Systemic- Flow of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart. The capillaries
of systemic circulation are the location where cellular respiration occurs throughout the
body.
11. Explain the process of respiration describing what happens when the diaphragm contracts and relaxes.
When a person exhales the diaphragm relaxes and the lungs are squeezed creating higher pressure in
the lungs than outside the lungs. Therefore, the air will travel from high pressure to lower pressure the
air will exit the lungs.
When a person inhales the diaphragm contracts, pulling down on the lungs and causing the ribcage to
expand. This creates lower pressure in the lungs and air will travel into the lungs.
12. What is the function of the respiratory system?
Take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
13. Define the main parts of the respiratory system.
A) Nose : Main passageway for air to be taken in and released
B) Pharynx : passage from the mouth to the larynx and esophagus
C) Larynx: area of the throat that contains vocal cords & produces vocal sounds
D) Trachea: commonly known as the windpipe, that connects the pharynx and larynx to the
lungs
E) Lungs: organs that allow gas in and out to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide
F) Bronchioles: major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the windpipe and lead to the
alveoli
G) Alveoli: Tiny sacs lined with capillaries within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon
dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream.
14. How are the cardiovascular system and respiratory system related?
The respiratory system allows the body to take in oxygen making it possible for the cardiovascular
system to take oxygenated blood back to the heart and out to the rest of the body.
15. How does the cardiovascular system and digestive system work together?
Digestive system gets nutrients from food and absorbs it into the blood stream through the small
intestines. The cardiovascular system pumps the blood throughout the body getting the nutrients to all
the cells.