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First Five Silently in your notebook answer the following question: Describe how oxygen passes from the blood into the respiring cells. Provide the definition for state and define. Cellular Respiration The chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy. Describe Cellular Respiration The breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy in a form called ATP Takes place in the mitochondria Takes place in all living things Is a step by step process Uses of Energy in the body muscle contraction protein synthesis cell division active transport Growth the passage of nerve impulses the maintenance of a constant body temperature. Cellular Respiration There are two types of Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen Releases a large amount of energy Anaerobic Respiration Does not use oxygen Releases a small amount of energy Equations for Aerobic Respiration Word Equation glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water Symbol Equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Why Use Aerobic Respiration? Glucose is good for energy storage but is not a usable form for cells. Releases a large amount of energy in a usable form ATP: Adenosine triphosphate Oxygen is usually available Equations for Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide + ATP C6H12O6 →2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Uses: bread-making, brewing Anaerobic Respiration in Animals Glucose lactic acid + ATP Uses: Energy in exercise when oxygen used up Why Use Anaerobic Respiration When oxygen is not available, but cells need energy Some cells live in low-oxygen environment Products are useful in society. Exercise Creates an Oxygen Debt All cells require oxygen for respiration, which is supplied by the lungs When you run a race your muscles are using a lot of energy The cells in your muscles combine oxygen and glucose as fast as possible to release energy Oxygen is needed, therefore you breathe deeper and faster, your heart beats faster- though there is a limit Which forces the body to start anaerobic respiration and therefore an oxygen debt aerobic respiration of lactic acid occurs in the liver after exercise, a fast heart rate will transport lactic acid in blood from muscles to the liver after exercise, deep breathing will supply oxygen Since the oxygen debt used energy without using oxygen, the lactic acid needs to combine with oxygen until it is all gone and then your breathing and heart rate return to normal Gas Exchange Structure Function Trachea Tube with incomplete rings of cartilage carries air to lungs; lined with cells making mucus, and cells with cilia to move the mucus away. Bronchi Carries air to lungs. Connect trachea to bronchioles. Bronchioles Carry air to lungs. Between bronchi and alveoli. Alveoli Tiny air sacs adapted for gas exchange Diaphragm Sheet of muscle with a fibrous middle part which is domed; it helps make breathing movements and separates the thorax from the abdomen Ribs Bones that protect and ventilate the lungs Intercostal muscles Move ribs for ventilation Pleural membranes Thin moist membranes forming an airtight seal around the lungs and separating inside of thorax from lungs Pathway of air 1. Trachea 2. Bronchi 3. Bronchioles 4. Alveoli The lungs contain 700,000,000 tiny air sacs called alveoli. They are surrounded by a network of blood capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air in the alveoli. Oxygen diffuses from the air in the lungs into the blood. The oxygenated blood then travels back to the heart to be pumped around the body. Features of gas exchange surfaces in animals: Adaptations of the alveoli They have a large surface area for diffusion. Fluid to help dissolve gases and increase diffusion rate. A rich blood supply to maintain a steep diffusion gradient between the alveoli and the blood. Due to both the alveoli and the capillary only having walls one cell thick there is a short diffusion distance between the air and the blood which increases diffusion rate. Protecting the Passageway* Mucus: nose produced by goblet cells in the Evaporates Cilia: into air in nose and keeps it moist tiny hair-like projections that move back and forth; in nose, trachea, bronchi Protecting the Passageway* Particles like bacteria get trapped in the cilia and mucus The cilia in the trachea and bronchi move the particles and mucus to the back of the throat so lungs don’t get blocked Effects of Smoking* Tar Nicotine Highly addictive; heart disease Causes (lung) cancers Toxins of Tobacco Smoke Reduces blood’s ability to carry oxygen Carbon Monoxide Irritate lungs and can damage surface of alveoli Smoke Particles Effects of Smoking cilia become less active, and goblet cells more active, when exposed to cigarette smoke, so that mucus collects in the lungs bacteria are likely to breed in the mucus, leading to bronchitis and other infections alveoli lose their elasticity, and coughing may damage their walls, leading to breathlessness and eventually to emphysema. cancer can be triggered by exposure to many of the chemicals in tar. • Ventilation means moving air in and out of the lungs. • This requires a difference in air pressure and relies on the thorax (chest) being an airtight cavity. • Movements of the rib muscles and diaphragm change the volume inside the chest cavity and therefore the air pressure. • This causes the air to move in or out. • Along a PRESSURE gradient Inspired vs. Expired Air • • Inspire: breathe in Inspired Air (atmospheric air) Oxygen Expire: Carbon breathe out Dioxide 21% 0.04% Argon/noble gases 1% Water Variable Temperature variable Expired Air Inspired vs. Expired Air Why does the percent of Oxygen argon stay Carbon constant? Dioxide • How do these values relate Argon/noble gases to aerobic respiration? Water • Inspired Air (atmospheric air) Expired Air 21% 16% 0.04% 4% 1% 1% Variable Always high Always warm Temperature variable * • What chemical test can we use Oxygen to test for: • Carbon dioxide? Limewater • Oxygen? Inverted test tube to collect oxygen Inspired Air (atmospheric air) Expired Air 21% 16% Carbon 0.04% Dioxide Argon/nobl 1% e gases Water Variable Temperatur variable 4% 1% Always high Always Practice Questions* 1. Explain the meaning of the term gas exchange surface 2. List 3 features of gas exchange surfaces and explain how these are shown by the gas exchange surface in human lungs Practice Questions* 1. Suggest why people who smoke cigarettes usually find it very difficult to give up. 1. Suggest why passive smoking can cause lung cancer. Additional Links Video- How Breathing Works Labeling practice http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-breathing-worksnirvair-kaur http://www.biotopics.co.uk/humans/resyst.html Readings: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPa ges/P/Pulmonary.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organis ms_behaviour_health/life_processes/revision/5/ http://sepuplhs.org/high/sgi/teachers/photosynth esis2_sim.html http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/s cience/virtual_labs/LS12/LS12.html http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790 /animations/photosynthesis/photosynthesis.htm
