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BOOKLET ONE
INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL
SNC 2D
TSCHIRHART
1
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
3. All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter
Cell Structures and Functions
Component
Diagram
Description
Function
Common to plant and animal cells
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
2
Golgi body
Vacuoles
Plant Cells Only
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Homework:
 Complete plant cell structures
 Create your own summary table comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 Answer # 1, 2, 5-8 on page 32
3
CELL DIAGRAMS
Label the parts of a typical animal and plant cell in the diagrams below.
4
MOVEMENT ACROSS A MEMBRANE
DIFFUSION

Movement of a substance from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF DIFFUSION
1. Surface Area of Cell Membrane
the larger the area, the greater the exchange
2. Concentration Difference
the greater the difference, the more rapid the rate of diffusion
3. Diffusion Distance
the smaller the distance the substance has the travel, the greater the rate of diffusion
Note: Molecules of gas (O2, CO2) must be dissolved in a liquid before it may diffuse across in the body
OSMOSIS

Movement of WATER from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration
Note: Water moves until its concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane
Homework: pg 37 #1-6
5
BOOKLET TWO
MICROSCOPE
SNC 2D
TSCHIRHART
6
GENERAL
SCIENCE TOOLKIT
Using a Microscope
BLM G-14
Goal • Become more familiar with the parts of a microscope.
What to Do
• Label the parts of the microscope below.
7
THE PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE
Examine your microscope and complete the following chart.
Refer to p.605 of your textbook as an aid.
PART
FUNCTION
Eyepiece (Ocular Lens)
Body Tube
Revolving Nosepiece
Objective Lenses
Arm
Stage
Stage Clips
Light Source
Condenser Lens
Diaphragm
Coarse Adjustment Knob
Fine Adjustment Knob
8
MICROSCOPE USE: MAGNIFICATION
What is the magnification of the following?

Eyepiece (ocular):
________X

Low Power Objective:
________X

Medium Power Objective:
________X

High Power Objective:
________X
Total Magnification = (Ocular Lens Power) X (Objective Lens Power)
Determine the total magnification for each combination of ocular and objective lenses found on
your microscope. Complete the table below:
Ocular Lens
Power
Objective Lens Power
Total Magnification
Low Power
Medium Power
High Power
**GET READY FOR MICROSCOPE AND BIOLOGICAL DRAWINGS LAB
9
RULES FOR SCIENTIFIC DRAWINGS
FORMAT
CRITERIA
PAGE LAYOUT







Large drawing to show all necessary details
Drawing on the left side of the paper
Labels on the right side of the paper
Name and date in the top right corner
Title is centred on top of the drawing
Magnification in the bottom right corner of the drawing
Description of drawing neatly below drawing
DRAWING


Use a pencil to make firm, clear, continuous lines
Use stippling (a series of dots) to show darker areas
LABELS




Use a ruler to make horizontal lines from the structures you wish to label
Neatly print the labels in pencil using all lower-case letters
Line up the first letter of each label
Equally space out the labels
MAGNIFICATION


A numerical value followed by an “x” is used to indicate the magnification
Place the magnification in round brackets
A SCIENTIFIC DRAWING
John Smith
Nov. 12th 2010
(100x)
Figure 1.1 A human skin cell as seen under 100x magnification.
10
BOOKLET THREE
CELL DIVISION AND REGULATION
SNC 2D
TSCHIRHART
11
THE GENETIC MATERIAL IN THE NUCLEUS
Figure 1 – This figure shows
the different levels of genetic
information in the nucleus
 All of the traits of an organism and information for the body to function and grow properly are found as
“genes,” which are parts of the chromosomes in the nucleus
 Every cell contains chromosomes
 Each chromosome is a long piece of coiled DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and proteins
 The number of chromosomes in each cell differs between organisms
 The typical human cell has 46 chromosomes – two pairs of 23 chromosomes
 Chromosomes are only visible when the cell is dividing
 When the cell is not dividing, the DNA and proteins that
make up the chromosomes are spread throughout the
cell as chromatin (like long, thin threads).
Figure 2 – This figure shows a
cell during Interphase. The
DNA is in the chromatin state
 When the cell is ready to divide, the chromatin coils and condenses into visible, short, thick
chromosomes
 Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids.
Figure 3 – This figure shows
a cell during Prophase. The
DNA appears as short,
thickened chromosomes
12
CELL DIVISION AND THE CELL CYCLE
Why do Cells Divide?

Certain organisms, such as a starfish, can ________________ (grow back) entire body parts.

When a cell gets _____________, the amount of material in the cell ________________ more than the
cell membrane can grow to contain it.

Cell division enables organisms to carry out three important functions:
o _________________ (to grow from a single cell into a multi-celled organism)
o _________________ (the replacement of worn-out or dead cells)
o _________________ (regenerating damaged tissues)

THE CELL CYCLE
We all began as a single cell (fertilized egg). This cell gave rise to all cells in our bodies. All cells have a
cell cycle that involves two main stages:
(1)
(2)
13
INTERPHASE – CELL PREPARATION FOR MITOSIS

Interphase is called the “_________________” because the cell is taking a “rest” from dividing

The cell spends the most time in this stage (approximately ______%)

Interphase is divided into 3 phases:

o
G1 Phase:
o
S Phase:
o
G2 Phase:
During Interphase
o
The cell grows to nearly ____________ its original size
o
The number of _________________ in the cytoplasm ____________
o
The ____________ in the nucleus duplicates into _____________________________
CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS

Purpose of Cell Division: ________________________________________________________

Mitosis = ____________________________________________________________________

Result: _____________________________________________________________________

Mitosis is broken down into 4 stages:
(1) Prophase
(2) Metaphase
(3) Anaphase
(4) Telophase
PROPHASE

The nuclear membrane begins to ___________________

The duplicated DNA __________________ into __________________ that are visible under
the microscope.

Each chromosome is made up of two ________________________ of DNA that are joined at
one point.
14
METAPHASE

____________________________ chromosomes line up along
the MIDDLE of the cell (the ___________________ or equator)
ANAPHASE

The points where the two copies of DNA were attached in each
chromosome ______________, separating the identical copies of
DNA

Each part is now called a ________________________

The new chromosomes are ______________________ and drawn
to each end of the cell
TELOPHASE

Nuclear membrane ___________ around each set of
chromosomes

Single-stranded chromosomes start to ________________ into
thin
strands of ____________________
CYTOKINESIS

Cytokinesis =
______________________________________________

The cytoplasm splits into _______________________, one around each new daughter cell.
SUMMARY OF INTERPHASE AND CELL DIVISION
Parent Cell
Daughter Cells
Interphase
15
REGULATION OF THE CELL CYCLE

Timing and rate of cell division in different parts of a plant or animal are crucial to normal
growth, development and maintenance.

______________________ of cell division varies
with the type of cell

Cell cycle is regulated at certain ________________
by both internal and external controls

Checkpoint: _______________________________
__________________________________________

Three major checkpoints are found in the
_______________________________
CANCER CELLS

Cancer cells _____________ respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms

Cancer cells are characterized by __________________________________

If and when cancer cells stop dividing, they do so at _____________________ in the cycle,
rather than at normal checkpoints

Cancer cells are different from normal cells in two fundamental ways:
1.
____________________________________________________
2.
____________________________________________________
o
tumor – _______________________________________________________________
o
benign tumor – _________________________________________________________
o
malignant tumor – ______________________________________________________
o
metastasis – ___________________________________________________________
16
RATE OF CELL DIVISION IN NON-CANCEROUS CELLS
 There is a wide range of cell division rates in different types of human cells; this is related to the
___________________ of each type.
o For example, some cells, such as red blood cells, muscle cells, and nerve cells, lose the
capacity to divide as they differentiate and mature.
 In the case of mammalian red blood cells only, once they have matured they
_____________________ and thus have no instructions for cell division. From this moment they
have __________________ days to function as oxygen (and carbon dioxide) transporters.
 Most normal cells undergo __________________________ of cell division before carrying out
programmed suicide. Any more divisions may result in ________________________ that might
harm the organism.
QUESTION:
 Put the four photographs below in order, from the body part where cell division is happening most
rapidly to the body part where cell division is happening least rapidly.
Type of Body Cell
Brain
Average Life Span
30-50 years
Muscle
15 years
Red blood
120 days
Stomach lining
Liver
Healthy skin
Damaged skin
2 days
200 days
Intestine lining
3 days
Skin
20 days
Brain
Muscle
ORDER: _____________________________________________________________________
17
RATE OF CELL DIVISION IN CANCEROUS CELLS
 Cells that accumulate enough ___________________ may _______________________________,
leading to the ______________________________.
 Cancer cells have been found to make an enzyme called _____________________, which signals
them to continue cell division. Mutations in other cancer cells do not allow the cells to produce or
recognize proteins which signal _________________________.
QUESTION
 Some treatments for cancer involve the use of drugs that specifically attack cells that are actively
dividing. Why would this be effective for fighting cancerous cells?
ASSIGNMENT
Cancer in the Body
18
BOOKLET FOUR
CELL SPECIALIZATION
&
SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
SNC 2D
TSCHIRHART
19
Cell Specialization and Stem Cells
Refer pgs 58-60 and 77-79
Cell Specialization
Life comes in an enormous range of sizes. Single-celled organisms rely on organelles to carry out life
functions. Multi-celled organisms have specialized cells that work together in systems to carry out life
functions such as ____________________________________________________________.
Within our bodies we have a hierarchy of structural organization:
Level: Specialized cell  tissue 
organ 
organ system  organism
Example: __________ ___________-->_____________-->__________-->_______
Cell Specialization
_________________________ refers to the fact that different types of cells have different structures
and abilities that enable them to perform their functions efficiently.
20
Specialized Cell
Muscle cell
Diagram
How structure influences function
Nerve cell
(neurons)
Red blood cells
Bone cells
Skin Cells
21
Tissues
Tissue is a group of specialized cells working together to perform a function. There are four main types of tissue:
muscle, epithelial, connective, and nervous.
Tissue Type
Function/ Description
Examples
Muscle
Epithelial
(skin, lining
of the
digestive
system)
22
Connective
tissue (bone,
tendons,
blood)
Nervous
( brain,
nerves in
sensory
organs)
________________________ are different tissues working together to perform a specific task. Organs contain
at least two _________________________types of tissues.
Organs work together to form systems, including the circulatory system. We will look more closely at systems
and the organs involved in those systems in upcoming classes.
23
Cell differentiation and Stem Cells
We have seen that cells specialize in order to perform different functions in our bodies. The process that
produces these specialized cells is called ________________________________. It is a process that is directed
by the ___________________________ of the cell and is passed on through cell division.
_____________________ are a unique type of animal cell that can differentiate into many different types of
cells.
A stem cell divides into two daughter cells via mitosis. Each daughter cell can develop into a different type of cell
depending on which parts of the ____________ have been switched on.
Types of Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells
Tissue (Adult) Stem Cells





Uses of Stem Cells
•
Cancer treatment
o
•
We can use bone marrow from an appropriately matched donor
to regenerate a patient with Leukemia’s bone marrow following
chemotherapy
Tissue Regeneration
o Not all cells can regenerate themselves, nerve cells do not
regenerate naturally. Scientist hope to be able to use stem cells to
grow replacement tissues for patients with spinal cord injuries.
24
RECALL: ANIMAL TISSUES
TISSUE TYPE
DESCRIPTION

epithelial
tissue
connective
tissue
muscle
tissue

DIAGRAM

cells are tightly
packed together to
form a protective
barrier
can range from one
cell thick or consist
of several layers of
cells


Different types:
 tendons (connect
muscles to bones)
 ligaments (connect
bones to bones),
 bones,
 cartilage,
 blood (plasma, red
blood cells, and
white blood cells)

Three types:
 skeletal (used when
moving arm/leg),
 smooth (occurs in
blood vessels,
stomach and other
organs),
 cardiac (found only
in the heart)


nervous
tissue
FUNCTION







made of several
nerve cells


25
HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
26
HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
Match each function to the correct organ system.
ORGAN SYSTEMS
FUNCTION
___ 1
Circulatory System
A
Detects changes in the environment and signals
these changes to the body, which then responds
___ 2
Digestive System
B
Works with the bones to move parts of the body
___ 3
Respiratory System
C
Transports blood, nutrients, gases and wastes
___ 4
Excretory System
D
Manufactures and releases hormones that act, along
with the nervous system, to keep various body
systems in balance
___ 5
Immune System
E
Controls breathing; exchanges gases in lungs
___ 6
Muscular System
F
Produces offspring
___ 7
Endocrine System
G
Includes skin, hair and nails; creates a waterproof
barrier around the body
___ 8
Reproductive System
H
Removes liquid wastes from the body
___ 9
Integumentary System
I
Supports, protects and works with muscles to move
parts of the body
___ 10 Nervous System
J
Takes in food and breaks it down; absorbs nutrients
and eliminates solid waste form the body
___ 11 Skeletal System
K
Defends the body against infections
27
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM


The organ system that is made up of the ____________, ___________, and ________________.
The circulatory system connects all parts of the body.
o ________________ blood is shown in red.
o ________________ blood is shown in blue.
(Use your pencil crayons to show the differing colours of blood flow)
Function of the circulatory system:
 To transport substances around the body
 To move ________________ to all of the body’s cells
 Regulation of _________________________
 Transport of disease-fighting ____________________ to areas of the body where they are needed (i.e.
viruses/bacteria)
How is this done?
 Blood flows through lungs, picks up oxygen, then flows through body to deliver it to
_____________________.
Parts of the Circulatory System
There are three parts of the circulatory system: ____________, ____________, and ____________________.



Heart pumps blood through large vessels (____________)
Blood exchanges substances, in smallest vessels (_____________), with surrounding tissues
Blood then flows into larger vessels (__________) and returns to the heart
28
THE BLOOD
A type of connective tissue that circulates throughout body
It consists of four components:
a) ____________________
b) ____________________
c) ____________________
d) ____________________
Blood
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
Red Blood Cells
 Main Function  ______________________________________________________________________
White Blood Cells
 Main Function  ______________________________________________________________________
Platelets
 Main Function  ______________________________________________________________________
Plasma
 protein-rich, yellowish, clear liquid that is _______ water, and it is an essential ingredient for human
survival.
 Main function  _______________________________________________________________________
THE HEART
Parts of the heart:
29
Tissues of the Heart:
The heart is made up of four different types of tissues:
_______________________
 Unique tissue found only in the heart
 Contracts at the same time, which moves blood around
the body
_______________________
 Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is
used to carry "messages" to and from various parts of
the body.
__________________ & _____________________
 Muscles and nerves are covered by a smooth layer of
epithelial tissues.
 This layer prevents friction, protects the heart from
damage, and allows blood to flow freely.
 Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds
them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues).
Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of
the various passages inside the body).
BLOOD VESSELS
Three types of blood vessels from a network of tubes throughout the body to transport the blood.
a) _____________________
 Elastic blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart
 Are under a great amount of pressure
o Have thicker walls to withstand this
pressure
b) _____________________
 Elastic blood vessels that carry blood TOWARD
the heart
 Walls of veins are not as thick as those of
arteries
c) _____________________
 Extremely small blood vessels located within
the tissues of the body
 Transports blood from arteries to veins
 Allow substances to diffuse between the blood and other body fluids and tissues
30
Diseases of the Circulatory System
a)
_________________________ (CAD) is a condition in which plaque
builds up inside the coronary arteries.
 These arteries supply your heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood.

Plaque is made up of _______, _______________,
_____________, and other substances found in the blood.

When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called
_______________________.
a) _____________________ occur most often as a result of a condition called coronary artery disease.
 In CAD, plaque builds up over many years on the inside walls of the coronary arteries (the arteries
that supply blood and oxygen to your heart).
 Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture, causing a blood clot to form on the surface of the plaque.
 If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block the flow of oxygen-rich blood to
the part of the heart muscle fed by the artery.
31
QUESTIONS
1. Name three different types of cells found in blood.
2. a)
A
Identify the indicated structures of the
human heart using your text book and
notes
F
B
G
C
H
D
I
E
J
b) Trace the path of blood flow through the heart
using blue arrows to show the movement of deoxygenated blood and red arrows to show the
movement of oxygenated blood.
3. Explain the importance of capillaries in the functioning of your body.
4. Match the correct label to each letter on the diagram.




Deoxygenated blood to lungs
Oxygenated blood to body
Oxygenated blood from lungs
Deoxygenated blood from body
_____
_____
_____
_____
32
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiration is the act of breathing:
•
inhaling (________________) - taking in oxygen
•
exhaling (________________) - giving off carbon dioxide
Respiration is responsible for providing the oxygen needed by the body and for removing the carbon dioxide
produced as your body uses energy for _______________, ______________, and ___________________.
The respiratory system is made up of the organs involved in breathing and consists of the:
•
___________________ (air goes to pharynx through nostrils)
•
___________________ (throat, connects nose to larynx)
•
___________________ (voice box, connects pharynx to trachea)
•
___________________ (windpipe, connects larynx to bronchus)
•
___________________ (tubes that run from trachea to bronchioles)
•
___________________ (bronchi that lead to lungs)
•
___________________ (main organ involved in respiration)
•
___________________ (air sacs in lung, where gas exchange takes place)
33
Gas Exchange
____________________ enters the bloodstream in
the lungs by diffusion.
____________________ leaves the blood the same
way. Both processes are extremely efficient.
________________- tiny sacs of air in the lungs that
are surrounded by a network of capillaries; where gas
exchange takes place between air and blood
Breathing
The process known as breathing is the involuntary act of alternatively drawing air into the lungs (inhalation) and
then pushing air out (exhalation).
- Rib cage and intercostal muscles expand and contract
- The ___________________ (a large sheet-like muscle) rises and falls as the lungs contract and expand
- Volume of lungs increases/decreases, also affecting ______________of the lungs
Control of Breathing
•
•
•
•
Controlled by the brain that detects CO2 in the blood
As CO2 ___________________, brain sends signals to diaphragm which contracts
As breathing rate increases, heart beats ________________
This _______________ concentration of CO2 in blood and increases available O2
34
Diseases of the Respiratory System
Tuberculosis
•
An infectious disease
•
Caused by __________________that enter the body when breathing and grow in the lungs
•
Can spread to other parts of the body
•
Symptoms are general: ______________________________________________
•
Untreated, it can be fatal
•
Pneumonia looks similar on an X-Ray
Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a defective gene that is passed down through families which causes the
body to produce abnormally thick and sticky fluid, called ____________.

This mucus builds up in the _____________________________________

Physical therapy, exercise, and medications are used to reduce the mucus blockage of the lung's
airways.
35
QUESTIONS
1. Label the diagram of the respiratory system.
2. Describe the pathway taken by air inhaled by the body.
3. What is the role of the epiglottis?
4. Complete the following chart:
INHALATION
EXHALATION
Volume
(increase or decrease)
Diaphragm Movement
(up or down)
Pressure
(increase or decrease)
Rib Cage Movement
(up or down) & (in or out)
Movement of Air
(in or out)
5. How is oxygen transported from the alveoli to the body cells?
36
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system can be divided into two parts:

Alimentary canal –

Accessory organs –
STEPS IN THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS:
STEP
DESCRIPTION
1. INGESTION
2. DIGESTION
3. ABSORPTION
4. EGESTION
 Mechanical Digestion –
 Chemical Digestion –
The chemical breakdown of food involves ______________ and ______________________.
37
o Enzyme:
Major Parts of the Digestive System and their tissues:
Part
Mouth
Role
 Aids in mechanical breakdown
 Releases ____________ for chemical digestion
 Releases ____________ to soften food
• Easier to pass into esophagus
Esophagus
•
•
Muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach
Contains ______________________________
• Allows esophagus to relax and contract
• Contractions allow food to move along  ____________________
Stomach
•
•
•
Main function  ________________________________________
Stomach lining secretes digestive enzymes and acids
Smooth muscle  allows stomach to ___________ to mix stomach contents
Intestine
•
•
•
Between stomach and anus
Has cells that secrete mucus  helps lubricate food
Small Intestine
• Approx __________ long and narrow
• Most absorbing of food _____________ occurs here
Large Intestine
• A.k.a. Colon
• Most absorbing of _________ occurs here
• Remaining solid matter excreted as _______________
•
Accessory Organs
 Liver
•
Produces bile  helps with
digesting food
• Detoxifies substances in the
body
 Pancreas
• Releases enzymes
• Important hormone released 
insulin
 Allows our cells to use
the sugars we ingest
 Galbladder
• Stores and releases acids to help in the digestion of food
38
QUESTIONS
1. Label the diagram of the human digestive system.
1.
6.
2.
7.
3.
8.
4.
9.
5.
10.
2. Describe what heart burn is. (Hint: you can find the info on page 81)
3. Describe the path of food from the mouth to the anus.
4. What is the role of mucus in the stomach?
5. Where does most digestion take place?
6.
What are the main functions of the large intestine?
Also try…page 82 # 2-4
39
Musculoskeletal System
This system is made up of all the bones and muscles in the body.
There are _______ ____________ in the human body and over ______________________________.
Structural Features
The skeleton consists of 3 different types of connective tissue:
1. Bones

Bone tissue is ___________________________________________________

Consists of ____________________ within a __________________________
(mostly calcium and phosphorus) and ________________________________

Canals inside the bones contain _____________________________________
2. Ligaments

_______________________________________________________________

Connects ____________________ together at _________________________

Made up of mostly ________________________________________________
3. Cartilage

___________________________________________ found in the ear, nose,
esophagus, the disks between vertebrae and joints

Made up of ________________________ in a matrix of ______________fibres

Provides a ___________________________________________________ for
bones and other tissues
Muscle

Muscle tissue consists of long cells called _____________________________
that contain specialized ________________________________

These proteins cause the muscle to ______________________ when signaled
by _______________________________________

When muscles contract, they _______________________________________

3 types of muscle tissue:
1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________
40
Functions of Musculoskeletal System





Provide ____________________________________________________ for the body
_____________________________ points for muscles
_____________________________________________________________________
Store _________________________ and other minerals
Some bones contain ___________________ which produces ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________


Cartilage provides a ______________________________ where bones meet at a joint
Skeletal muscle is used for _______________________________________________
How Muscles Make Bones Move
Skeletal muscle is attached to bone by ______________________ (similar to ligaments and are less
elastic, connect ____________________________________________________)
When muscles contract, they exert a force.
This force moves the bones that the muscle is connected to.
Muscles can _____________ but they can’t ______________, so they work in ___________________
pairs or groups.
Problems with Musculoskeletal System
Osteoporosis: affects all ages but more common in ________________________________.
- ______________ of bone tissue making bones _______________________
________________________________
- does not cause pain, indicated by a bone density test
-Linked to a loss of ________________________ in bones
Fractures: severe impacts can cause _______________________ in bones
Homework: Page 101 # 1-4
41
The Nervous System
The _________________ is essential for life. It controls almost everything that happens in your body
and it is not surprising, then, that the brain is protected inside a very hard _____________________.
The brain is just one part of the ________________________.
The nervous system is made up of ___________________, the __________________________, and
the peripheral nerves. It is the system that _______________________________________ and
coordinates appropriate responses.
Structural Features

The core of the nervous system is the
_____________________________ (CNS) that consists of the
_____________________ and _______________________.
o
The CNS is protected by __________________. The skull
protects the brain and the spine guards the spinal cord.
o
Both the brain and the spinal cord are cushioned by
_________________________________________ which also acts to
____________________________ and removes ___________________produced by
the brain.

The ___________________ that carry signals between the central nervous
system and the body make up the
____________________________________________ (PNS)
o
The PNS relays information about the
___________________________ and
_______________________________environment to the brain.
o
The PNS also relays ______________________ from the brain to
other parts of the body to control body functions and responses.
o
The PNS can be divided into three parts:

Nerves that control ________________________________________.

Nerves that carry information from the
_____________________________________.

Nerves that regulate ________________________________________ such as
breathing, heartbeat, and digestion.
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Nerve Tissue

Nerve tissue is made up of specialized cells called __________________________ and is
found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Neurons are _______________________________________. Their structure allows them to
send information around the body by conducting electrical signals –
______________________________.

_____________________ of some neurons are covered by a fatty
material called _____________________. The myelin acts as an
___________________________ to prevent electrical signals from
passing to the wrong neuron.

Nerves are _____________________ of neurons that are surrounded by
______________________________.

Nerves allow for two -way transmission of information even though each
neuron transmits information in ___________________ direction along
the ______________
Sensory Receptors

Sensory receptors are special cells or tissues that receive input from our
______________________________ and send signals along the
____________________________________ to the central nervous system. Our eyes, ears,
nose, mouth, muscles, and skin have sensory receptors.
Receptors in our muscles and skin are sensitive to:

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________
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Use Figure 6 on page 106 to label and colour the areas where our 5 senses are received in our brain.
Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System
Bacteria and Viruses

Can damage the brain _____________________________________
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
a. Cause: malfunction of the _________________________________
b. Effect: destroys the ______________________around the neurons in the central nervous
system causing electrical impulses to _____________________________
c. Symptoms: _________________________, ________________________________, and
difficulty walking
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Concussions
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QUESTIONS
1. Sketch a single neuron and label its structures.
2. Give three examples of the nervous system coordinating activities in other body systems.
3. What is the function of our sensory receptors? Mention at least two different sensory receptors
in your answer.
4. After a car accident, Mrs. Stangherlin lost the hearing in one ear. Examinations indicated that
there is no damage to the eardrum. Suggest a possible reason for the loss of hearing.
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BOOKLET FIVE
PLANT CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS
SNC 2D
TSCHIRHART
47
Read pages 124 – 139
1. Label the structure of a plant.
2. Functions of plants that are similar to animals:



3. Complete the chart below.
Tissue Type
Description
Function
Dermal
Tissue
Ground
Tissue
or
Fundamental
Tissue
Vascular
Tissue
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4. What type of cell is responsible for
cell growth in plants?
5. Name the three types of tissues
found in plants.
6. Which type of cell is responsible for
transporting water and minerals in
plants?
7. Which type of cell is responsible for
transporting sugars in plants?
8. Complete the chart below.
Plant
Systems
Root System
Description
Structure
(Organ)
Primary Functions
Roots
Stem
Shoot
System
Leaves
Flowers
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9. Draw Figure 3 on page 130. Note that vascular tissues are shown in red, dermal tissues in
green, and the ground tissues in light blue. Use the same colours in your drawing.
10. Is there any type of tissue that is absent from any part of the plant? Explain.
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11. Explain the difference between the epidermal and peridermal tissue.
12. List and explain 3 specialized functions of the epidermal tissue system.
13. What is the role of the plants vascular tissue system?
14. Where does the vascular tissue system extend in a plant?
15. What happens to a plant’s vascular system as it grows?
16. What would you compare a plants’ vascular tissue to in a human? Explain.
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17. Types of Vascular Tissue. Complete the following table:
Description
Function
Xylem
Phloem
18. Label the epidermis, phloem, and xylem in the diagram below.
Questions:
19. Explain why it is important for plant leaves to be waterproof.
20. Explain why the movement of water and minerals in xylem is always upward.
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THE LEAF
Cross section of a leaf
Structure
Description
Function
Cuticle
Epidermis
Guard Cells
Palisade Layer
Spongy Layer
Veins

Photosynthesis –
Word Equation:
Chemical Equation:
53
QUESTIONS
1. a) Label the cross section of the lilac leaf using the words below.
Cuticle
Epidermis
Mesophyll tissue Spongy layer
Palisade layer
Vascular bundle
Xylem
Phloem
Stoma
Guard cells
b) On which part of the leaf do you observe the most stomata?
c) Explain how the arrangement of cells in the leaf contributes to the efficiency of photosynthesis.
2. Which organelle is required for photosynthesis to take place?
3. What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
4. What are the products of photosynthesis?
5. How do the stomata or stomates (singular stoma) open and close?
6. Define transpiration.
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THE STEM
Cross section of a typical stem
1. What are the two primary functions of the stem?
2. Label the diagram of the vascular bundle.
3. Which vascular tissue is located closer to the epidermis?
4. Describe the structure of xylem cells.
5. Describe the structure of phloem cells.
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THE ROOT
Cross section of a typical root
1. What are the two primary functions of roots?
2. What is the role of the endodermis?
3. What can the cortex cells of the root be used to store?
4. Describe the path of water absorption into the roots of a plant, starting from the soil.
5. Describe the difference between a taproot and a fibrous root. Provide an example for each.

Taproot –

Fibrous roots –
6. Name one advantage that fibrous roots have over tap roots.
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THE FLOWER
1. What is the main function of the flower?
2. Label the diagram of the flower.
3. a) What do you call the male part of the flower?
b) What do you call the female part of the flower?
4. Complete the following chart.
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
Anther
Filament
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Sepal
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