Download expansion of slavery

U.S. HISTORY 1301
Unit 4
Review – The Missouri Compromise
Review – The Wilmot Proviso
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Proposed by David Wilmot from the North
Would have forbidden slavery in any territory
conquered from Mexico in the Mexican War
Never passed but set off a huge debate
The key issue is the expansion of slavery into the
territories
The Compromise of 1850
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By 1850 California was ready to apply as a state
Why the sudden population spike?
Gold! 1849 was the California Gold rush
First discovered in Jan. 1848 at Sutter’s Mill
Thousands of people from all over the U.S. moved
to California
The Compromise of 1850
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Once again the Senate is tied between slave and
free states, 15-15
What’s the problem?
The 36-30 line cuts through the middle of the state!
CA wants to enter as a free state
No slave state to counter-balance it
The Compromise of 1850
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Authored by Stephen Douglas, Sen. From Illinois
Split up into several bills
 CA
comes in as a free state
 South gets the Fugitive Slave Act
 New Mexico divided into two territories that would use
popular sovereignty to decide slavery in the future
 Texas border adjusted, state debt paid by fed. govt.
 Slave trade outlawed in Wash. D.C.
The Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act
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Northern outrage at the act
Forced people in the North to return escaped slaves
Many free blacks in the North falsely taken to the
South
This Act prompted Harriet Beecher Stowe to write
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The novel had a huge impact, selling hundreds of
thousands of copies in a few months
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Douglas tried to organize a territorial government
to build a railroad across the Great Plains
Needs Southern votes to pass his plan
South insists slavery be allowed in the territories
that had been closed with the Missouri Compromise
Douglas splits Kansas and Nebraska and agrees to
extend popular sovereignty to these territories
Victory for the South, but costly results
Fallout from the K-N Act
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The Whig Party falls apart
All Southern support for the Whigs vanish
The Republican Party arose as its replacement in
1854
Key components of the Republican platform:
 No
slavery in the territories
 Repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
 Abolition in Washington D.C.
Bleeding Kansas
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Meanwhile, a guerilla war breaks out in the
territory
Pro- and Anti-slavers both show up in force to try
and win control of the state
Numerous issues at stake, but slavery was foremost
Early elections were falsified and both sides
claimed a win
The Sack of Lawrence
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Proslave forces attacked the town of Lawrence
Gains attention in the east as both parties become
more focused on the violence
Preachers and politicians urge more people to
move to Kansas to affect the outcome
John Brown
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One key figure that emerged was John Brown
Inspired by an anti-slave sermon heard in the North
Brown moves to Kansas with his sons to fight the
proslavers
Viewed themselves as avenging agents from God
Led to the Pottawatomie Creek Massacre
Brown and sons hacked 5 proslave setters to pieces
with broadswords
Led to an all-out war in Kansas
The Brooks-Sumner Incident
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Charles Sumner, Sen. from MA, gives a long speech
called “The Crime Against Kansas”
Directly insults numerous Southern leaders,
especially Sen. Andrew Butler from SC
Calls him a fool, a liar, and a cripple
Butler was elder, infirm, and not even present at the
speech to defend himself
The Brooks-Sumner Incident
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Two days later, Butler’s kinsman appears in the
Senate
Preston Brooks, was a Congressman from SC
Walked to Sumner’s desk and beat him unconscious
with a cane
Sumner suffered brain damage and was
hospitalized from months
Brooks received dozens of new canes from all over
the South
Dred Scott
Harpers Ferry - 1859
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John Brown shows up again, hoping to incite a slave
rebellion
Takes over Harpers Ferry, a federal armory
Slaves never show up
Robert E. Lee leads the attack to retake the fort
John Brown captured and executed
Made into a martyr by the anti-slavers
The Election of 1860
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Republican candidate is Abraham Lincoln
Democrats split between North and South
Douglas running as a Northern Democrat
Breckinridge running as a Southern Democrat
Also a fourth contender from an independent party
The Election of 1860
Secession
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Lincoln’s election triggers the first wave of secession
South Carolina secedes first, Dec. 20, 1860
GA, AL, MS, LA, TX, and FL soon follow
All seceded before Lincoln even takes office
Attempts at compromise fail
Fort Sumter
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A federal fort that guarded the entrance to
Charleston harbor
South Carolina demanded the garrison leave
Major Robert Anderson refused, despite being low
on supplies
Negotiations fail
Confederates open fire on April 12, 1861
Second Wave of Secession
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Lincoln issues a call for 75,000 volunteers to march
on the South
In response, VA, NC, TN, and AR will secede as well
Four slave states stay in the Union: MI, KY, MD, DE
Lincoln takes drastic measures to keep MD and KY
Suspends habeas corpus, meaning people could be
arrested with no evidence
Tough, but kept the Union together for the war
The Civil War
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Why Lincoln fought
Casualties
Wash DC vs Richmond
Advantages / Disadvantages of each side
Civil War Technology
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Many new weapons and improvements on old
weapons deployed in the Civil War
Also many new technological inventions and
discoveries during the war
This partially to blame for the high casualties
In many ways this war hinted at World War I
The Submarine
Ironclads
Machine Guns
The Minie Ball
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Most significant innovation
Changed warfare completely
McClellan
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Lincoln offers command of the
Union Army to Robert E. Lee
Lee declines and joins the South
George B. McClellan put in
command
A Democrat and timid on the
battlefield, but an excellent
administrator
Battles
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Dozens of battles in
Virginia and
surrounding areas
Early years were
solid defeats for the
North
The first major victory
came at Antietam
Antietam
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Technically a
Union victory but
still a blown
opportunity
Prompted the
Emancipation
Proclamation
Lincoln on the Objective of the War
“My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union,
and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could
save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and
if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and
if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I
would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the
colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the
Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not
believe it would help save the Union. I shall do less
whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the cause,
and I shall do more whenever I shall believe doing more
will help the cause.” Letter of Abraham Lincoln, Aug. 1862
The Emancipation Proclamation
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What does this document do?
ONLY frees slaves in Union occupied territories of
the rebelling states
Does NOT free slaves in the four slave states still in
the Union
Designed to cripple the war effort of the South
As a side-effect, it ruled out British participation in
the war
Lincoln’s Generals
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McClellan fired after Antietam
Replaced by Ambrose Burnside
Burnside quickly loses the battle
of Fredericksburg and is also
fired
Replaced by Joseph Hooker
Hooker quickly loses the battle
of Chancellorsville and is
replaced by Meade
Robert E. Lee
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Confederate General
Tried again to end the
war by invading the
North in 1863
Hoped to gain position
on the Union Army by
swerving far North
This action led to the
battle at Gettysburg, PA
Lasted from July 1-3
Gettysburg
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Bloodiest battle of the
war
Nearly 50,000 men
killed and wounded
A major victory for
the Union but another
missed opportunity to
destroy Lee
The next day, the 4th
of July, the Union also
won at Vicksburg
The Gettysburg Address
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Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth
on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and
dedicated to the proposition that all men are created
equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether
that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated
can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of
that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that
field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their
lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this.
The Gettysburg Address
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But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot
consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living
and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above
our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor
long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what
they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here
to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus
far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated
to the great task remaining before us -- that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for
which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we
here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain,
that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom,
and that government of the people, by the people, for the
people shall not perish from the earth.
Vicksburg
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Last Confederate
stronghold on the
Mississippi River
Surrendered to Grant
on July 4, 1863
Cut the Confederacy in
half
Together with
Gettysburg marked the
turning point in the war
Ulysses S. Grant
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Promoted over Meade
Took command of the entire
Union Army
Not a man of great finesse, but
brutal and relentless assault
Nicknamed “The Butcher” by his
own men
William Tecumseh Sherman
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Personal friend of Grant’s
Equally ruthless in combat
Tasked with carrying out a war
of destruction in the South
Sherman’s March
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Sherman went through Tennessee to Atlanta
Cut a swath to the coast, burning everything in his
path
The objective was to undercut the will of the South
to continue the war, and to cut off the food supply
for Lee’s army
His victories in Atlanta came just in time for the
election of 1864
Sherman’s March
The Election of 1864
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Lincoln was incredibly unpopular for most of his first
term
Northern cities rioted in protest of the war
George McClellan ran as his Democrat opponent
promising to end the war
Just weeks before the election Lincoln was convinced
he would lose
Miraculously, word of Sherman’s victories hit the
North just before the election
The End of the War
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Grant forced Lee into Richmond and nearly
surrounded the city
Lee desperately tried to salvage his army by
retreating to Appomattox Courthouse
Once there, his army was starving and drained
Lee surrendered April 9, 1865
Grant was generous in victory, allowing the
Confederates to simply return home
Lincoln’s Assassination
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Only 5 days after the surrender, Lincoln was
assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
Booth hoped that the South would be reinvigorated
He was killed by his pursuers, and others involved in
the conspiracy were executed
Lincoln’s death sparked outrage and was the cause
for great mourning in the North
“Oh Captain, My Captain”
By Walt Whitman
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O Captain my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won,
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red,
Where on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
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O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
Rise up--for you the flag is flung for you the bugle trills,
For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths for you the shores acrowding,
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head!
It is some dream that on the deck,
You've fallen cold and dead.
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My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;
The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;
From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;
Exult O shores, and ring O bells!
But I, with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
Reconstruction