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The Roman Empire 9/29 The Parthenon in Greece is a long-standing symbol of what ancient Greek ideals? Warmup Rome kept expanding its territory and provinces during the Republic (lots of wars and conquering) “And then came Julius Caesar!” Previously… Gaius Julius Caesar (100 – March 14th, 44 BC) was a patrician (aristocrat), military general, priest, and politician He grew up under the bloody civil war of Generals Marius and Sulla ◦ Marius was his uncle, but Sulla won the war Gaius Julius Caesar He served in the military and rose through the ranks to become Imperator (honorary military title) He used the military’s power to back up his political power He allied himself with one of the richest men in Rome (Crassus) and Pompey (a rich politician) Julius Caesar He could not serve in the military at the same time as being a politician, so he left the military He was elected Consul in 59 BC along with Marcus Bibulus (the 2nd Consul) His alignment with Crassus and Pompey was called The First Triumvirate ◦ The three of them had enough money and political influence to control Rome ◦ Pompey even married Caesar’s daughter, Julia! Julius Caesar After his consulship, Caesar launched a military invasion against the Gauls (modern day France) and several Germanic tribes After they were defeated, he invaded Britain twice ◦ He was unsuccessful due to crop failures in Gaul and the fierce fighting of the Britons Invasion of Britain Crassus was murdered After Julia died, Pompey turned against Caesar Pompey and the Senate ordered Caesar to come home Caesar crossed The Rubicon River and started a civil war in Rome against Pompey Back in Rome Caesar won the war Pompey fled Rome Caesar left Mark Antony in charge of Italy to chase after Pompey Caesar defeated Pompey again and again and again Results In 48 BC, Caesar was appointed dictator, but he resigned after 11 days He looked for Pompey but Pompey had been assassinated ◦ Caesar was given Pompey’s severed head ◦ He put Pompey’s assassins to death ◦ He found out that the Egyptian pharaoh had been involved in Pompey’s killing 11-day Dictator Caesar became involved in an Egyptian civil war between the Pharaoh and his sister/wife/co-ruler Cleopatra ◦ Yes, husband and wife were brother and sister Cleopatra Caesar Cleopatra Caesar sided with Cleopatra against her brother/husband/coruler Caesar defeated the Pharaoh at the Battle of the Nile in 47 BC He set up Cleopatra as the only Pharaoh of Egypt He had a relationship with Cleopatra (even though Caesar was married) Caesar and Cleopatra After several more wars, and his defeat of his arch-enemy Cato, Caesar was appointed dictator for 10 years in 47 BC He was “elected” as sole consul during his time as dictator His power grew until he controlled everything in the entire Roman Republic 10-year Dictator He didn’t have to be “checked” by the Senate He forced the Senate to give him the title “Father of the Fatherland” Coins were minted with his face on them He worked to fuse the entire Republic into one cohesive unit Finally, he was appointed dictator for life in 44 BC On March 14th, 44 BC, Caesar came to a Senate session Mark Antony tried to warn Caesar about the plot to kill him, but the senators stopped him Caesar was stabbed 23 times by around 60 senators ◦ “Et tu, Brute?” (“And you, Brutus?”) ◦ Caesar’s murder ended the Roman Republic The Ides of March Caesar’s heir was Octavian Caesar (18 years old) ◦ The Second Triumvirate (Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus) named Caesar as a god Mark Antony and Octavian faced off against the enormous armies of Brutus and Cassius ◦ They won He and Cleopatra became lovers Mark Antony and Cleopatra fought a civil war against Octavian ◦ Octavian won and annexed Egypt into the Republic ◦ The Senate declared him Emperor in 31 BC and he changed his name to Augustus Caesar Rapid Fire Round! The Roman Empire lasted for about 1,500 years The first two centuries of the Empire were times of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana ◦ Also known as the Pax Augusta This was the greatest and richest time for the Roman Empire The empire produced a series of dynasties Empire Gladiators were fighters that fought, killed and died for Roman entertainment Some gladiators were slaves Some were volunteers who wanted to elevate their social standing (become famous) Treated like celebrities if they kept winning Gladiators The Roman Republic began a series of construction efforts starting in 300 BC to build a system of roads and bridges It continued to spread and be maintained throughout the Empire period Used for: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Military Commerce Travel Spread of cultural diffusion (like Christianity) All Roads Lead to Rome The Empire reached its territorial height under Emperor Trajan (reigned 98 – 117 AD) 5 million square kilometers (covered 40 modern-day countries) Anywhere from 60 – 100 million inhabitants “The empire stretched from Hadrian's Wall in drizzlesoaked northern England to the sun-baked banks of the Euphrates in Syria; from the great Rhine–Danube river system, which snaked across the fertile, flat lands of Europe from the Low Countries to the Black Sea, to the rich plains of the North African coast and the luxuriant gash of the Nile Valley in Egypt. The empire completely circled the Mediterranean ... referred to by its conquerors as mare nostrum—'our sea'.” – historian Christopher Kelly Biiiiiiig Empire! In 212 AD, Emperor Caracalla granted citizenship to all freeborn people in the entire Empire He used this as a way to levy (raise) taxes on more people to fund the HUGE empire Citizenship At first, the Romans copied a lot of Greek styles of sculpture, pottery, and architecture (contrapposto) ◦ Even adopted the Greek gods and gave them different names! (Zeus = Jupiter, Aphrodite = Venus, etc.) Broad spectrum of media: marble work, painting, mosaics, gems, silver and bronze work, terracottas (baked clay sculptures) Contrapposto (weight on one leg) Art in the Empire During the Republic, art was created in service to the state ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Great military victories Public sacrifices Hard work Important leaders and soldiers The “model Roman citizen” had their faces warped to add more wrinkles, bigger noses, less hair, etc. to appear older, wiser, and stronger Art in the Republic During the Empire, art went back to “Classical” Greece styles Smooth lines, elegant clothing drapery, idealized nude bodies, lots of nature, lots of ancient Greek myths A lot more art began to appear in people’s homes (wall paintings, sculptures, etc.) Art in the Empire HUGE buildings and sculptures installed in public centers Successes in war, tributes to the gods and emperors, etc. ◦ Think about Greek art x 39843571038 in the volume of art created, the size, the diversity, etc. Art in the Empire Jews migrated to Rome to escape the Middle East (wars between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires) Judaism and Jewish culture flourished for a long time Under Julius Caesar, Judaism was recognized as an official religion Tensions between Jews and pagan Romans mounted, and between 66 – 135 AD several civil wars happened ◦ Jerusalem and the Second Temple were destroyed Judaism Many Jews were sold into slavery, killed or exiled from Rome Emperor Hadrian defeated Jewish armies and cast them out of Jerusalem Between 70 – 135 AD, Jews left Rome and were forced out of homes in a broad term called The Diaspora ◦ The Diaspora includes several periods in history where Jews were exiled from their homelands by many different empires Jewish Exile Christianity started as a Jewish sect Separated from Judaism as a religion in the early 1st century AD Christians were persecuted (just like the Jews were) during the Roman Empire ◦ Both by the Emperors and the general pagan Roman public Regardless of the persecution, it spread like CRAZY throughout the Roman Empire Christianity Emperor Constantine became the first emperor to allow Christians to worship, stop their persecution, and even adopted Christianity as the official Roman state religion in 313 BC He still made laws against the Jews He became known as “The Christian Emperor” Christianity Crash Course Roman Empire Crash Course Who Are You? Quiz Emperor Game Hadrian's Wall Gallery Roman Religion Gallery Death In Rome Daily Life in Pompeii Gallery The Art of War Gallery Fun Time! 1) Everyone grab a Chromebook 2) When you have played at least 2 games and/or looked at 2 of the art galleries, fill out the appropriate questions on your worksheet