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EE 435 Lecture 24 Common-Mode Feedback Review from last lecture .• • • • • .• • • • • Offset Voltage VOS Can be modeled as a dc voltage source in series with the input Random Offset Voltages Review from last lecture .• • • • • Correspondingly: .• • • • • 2VOS 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 A n A p A COX 2 2 Wp L p A VTOn p L n Wn L n Wp L p VEBn Wn L n 2 2 A VTOp 2 4 1 1 Wn L n n Wn L p 1 1 2 2 Aw 2A L 2 2 2 2 W L W L L W L W n n n n p p p p VDD which again simplifies to VX A2 μp Ln 2 2 VTO n σV 2 + A VTO p 2 OS Wn L n μ n Wn L p M3 M4 VOUT V1 M2 M1 VS Note these offset voltage expressions are identical! IT V2 .• • • • • Review from last lecture .• • • • • Random Offset Voltages VCC VX VX Q3 V1 VCC Q3 Q4 Q2 Q1 V2 V1 VE Q4 Q2 Q1 VE IT (a) It can be shown that V2 OS A2 A 2Jp 2Vt2 Jn + AEn AEp where very approximately A Jn = A Jp = 0.1μ IT (b) V2 Review from last lecture .• • • • • Random Offset Voltages Typical offset voltages: MOS - 5mV to 50MV BJT - 0.5mV to 5mV These can be scaled with extreme device dimensions .• • • • • Often more practical to include offset-compensation circuitry Review from last lecture .• • • • • .• • • • • Common Centroid Layouts Define p to be a process parameter that varies with lateral position throughout the region defined by the channel of the transistor. Almost Theorem: If p(x,y) varies linearly throughout a two-dimensional region, then 1 pEQ px, y dxdy AA Parameters such at VT, µ and COX vary throughout a two-dimensional region If a parameter varies linearly throughout a two-dimensional region, it is said to have a linear gradient. Review from last lecture .• • • • • .• • • • • Common Centroid Layouts Almost Theorem: If p(x,y) varies linearly throughout a two-dimensional region, then pEQ=p(x0.y0) where x0,y0 is the geometric centroid to the region. Parameters such at VT, µ and COX vary throughout a two-dimensional region If a parameter varies linearly throughout a two-dimensional region, it is said to have a linear gradient. Many parameters have a dominantly linear gradient over rather small regions Review from last lecture .• • • • • .• • • • • (x0,y0) (x0,y0) is geometric centroid pEQ 1 px, y dxdy AA If ρ(x,y) varies linearly in any direction, then the theorem states 1 pEQ p x,y dxdy p x0 ,y0 AA Review from last lecture .• • • • • .• • • • • Common Centroid Layouts A layout of two devices is termed a common-centroid layout if both devices have the same geometric centroid Almost Theorem: If p(x,y) varies linearly throughout a two-dimensional region, then if two have the same centroid, the parameters are matched ! Note: This is true independent of the magnitude and direction of the gradient! .• • • • • Review from last lecture .• • • • • Common Centroid of Multiple Segmented Geometries Review from last lecture .• • • • • .• • • • • Common Centroid Layout Surrounded by Dummy Devices Common-Mode Feedback VDD M3 M4 VOXX VOUT VOUT VIN M1 M2 VIN CL CL VB2 M9 Needs CMFB Repeatedly throughout the course, we have added a footnote on fullydifferential circuits that a common-mode feedback circuit (CMFB) is needed The CMFB circuit is needed to establish or stabilize the operating point or operating points of the op amp Common-Mode Feedback VDD VDD M3 VFB M4 VB1 VOUT VOUT VIN M1 M2 VIN M3 M4 VOUT VOUT CL CL VIN VB2 M1 M2 CMFB Circuit VIN CL CL M9 VOXX VB2 M9 On the reference op amp, the CMFB signal can be applied to either the pchannel biasing transistors or to the tail current transistor It is usually applied only to a small portion of the biasing transistors though often depicted as shown There is often considerable effort devoted to the design of the CMFB though little details are provided in most books and the basic concepts of the CMFB are seldom rigorously developed and often misunderstood Common-Mode Feedback Partitioning biasing transistors for VFB insertion (Nominal device matching assumed, all L’s equal) VDD VDD VFB M3 VOUT VIN M1 VB1 CL VFB insertion M9 VDD M4 VB1 M3A M3B M4B M4A VFB VDD VFB CMFB Circuit VIN VOXX Ideal (Desired) biasing M3 M2 CL VB2 M3 M4 VOUT M4 Partitioned VFB insertion W3A +W3B =W3 W3B <<W3A VB1 Basic Operation of CMFB Block VDD VFB VO1 VO2 CMFB Circuit VFB M3 M4 VOUT VOUT VIN M1 M2 CMFB Circuit VIN CL CL VOXX VB2 M9 VOXX CMFB Block VO1 VAVG Averager A VFB V +V VFB = 01 02 A s 2 VO2 VOXX VOXX is the desired quiescent voltage at the stabilization node (irrespective of where VFB goes) Basic Operation of CMFB Block CMFB Block VO1 VAVG Averager A VFB VO2 VOXX V +V VFB = 01 02 A s 2 • Comprised of two fundamental blocks Averager Differential amplifier • Sometimes combined into single circuit block • Compensation of the CMFB path often required !! Mathematics behind CMFB (consider an example that needs a CMFB) VDD VB1 M5 VO1 M4 VO2 VOXX VOXX C1 V1 M1 VYY M2 V2 C2 M3 Notice there are two capacitors and thus two poles in this circuit Mathematics behind CMFB VDD (consider an example that needs a CMFB) VB1 M5 VO1 M4 VO2 VOXX VOXX C1 V1 M1 VYY g05 VO2 M3 V2 gm2VGS2 gm1VGS1 VGS1 V2 g04 VO1 V1 M2 g01 g02 C1 C2 M’3 M3 VGS2 2W’3=W3 g03/2 g03/2 Small-signal model showing axis of symmetry M’3 C2 Mathematics behind CMFB (consider an example that needs a CMFB) g05 g04 VO1 V1 VO2 V2 gm2VGS2 gm1VGS1 VGS1 g05 g01 g02 C1 g03/2 C2 g03/2 VOD Vd 2 gm1VGS1 g01 VGS1 C Small-signal difference-mode half circuit VOD sC+g01+g05 +gm1 gm1 2 A DIFF = sC+g01+g05 - pDIFF = - g01+g05 C Vd 0 2 Note there is a single-pole in this circuit What happened to the other pole? VGS2 Mathematics behind CMFB (consider an example that needs a CMFB) g05 g05 g04 VO1 V1 VO2 V2 gm2VGS2 gm1VGS1 VGS1 g01 g02 C1 C2 VGS2 VOC VCOM g03/2 g03/2 gm1VGS1 g01 VGS1 C VS g03/2 Standard small-signal common-mode half circuit VOC sC+g01+g05 +gm1 VCOM -VS 0 Note there is a single-pole in this circuit VS g01+g03 /2 -gm1 VCOM -VS VOCg01 A COM -gm1 g01+g03 /2 sC+g01+g05 gm1+g01+g03 /2 -gm1g01 pCOM g05 C - g01+g03 /2 sC+g05 And this is different from the difference-mode pole But the common-mode gain tells little, if anything, about the CMFB Mathematics behind CMFB (consider an example that needs a CMFB) g05 A COM g +g /2 - 01 03 sC+g05 gm1 2 A DIFF = sC+g01+g05 g pCOM 05 C • • • • • • • VO1 V1 pDIFF = - VO2 V2 gm2VGS2 gm1VGS1 VGS1 g01 g02 C1 g03/2 - • g04 C2 g03/2 g01+g05 C Difference-mode analysis completely hides all information about commonmode This also happens in simulations Common-mode analysis completely hides all information about differencemode This also happens in simulations Difference-mode poles may move into RHP with FB so compensation is required for stabilization (or proper operation) Common-mode poles may move into RHP with FB so compensation is required for stabilization (or proper operation) Difference-mode simulations tell nothing about compensation requirements for common-mode feedback Common-mode simulations tell nothing about compensation requirements for difference-mode feedback VGS2 Mathematics behind CMFB (consider an example that needs a CMFB) g05 A COM g +g /2 - 01 03 sC+g05 gm1 2 A DIFF = sC+g01+g05 g pCOM 05 C • • VO1 V1 pDIFF = - VO2 V2 gm2VGS2 gm1VGS1 VGS1 g01 g02 C1 g03/2 - • g04 C2 g03/2 g01+g05 C Common-mode and difference-mode gain expressions often include same components though some may be completely absent in one or the other mode Compensation capacitors can be large for compensating either the common-mode or difference-mode circuits Highly desirable to have the same compensation capacitor serve as the compensation capacitor for both difference-mode and common-mode operation – But tradeoffs may need to be made in phase margin for both modes if this is done • Better understanding of common-mode feedback is needed to provide good solutions to the problem VGS2 Mathematics behind CMFB (consider an example that needs a CMFB) g05 g05 g04 VO1 V1 VO2 V2 gm2VGS2 gm1VGS1 VGS1 g01 g02 C1 C2 VGS2 VOC VCOM g03/2 g03/2 gm1VGS1 g01 VGS1 C VS g03/2 Standard small-signal common-mode half circuit VOC sC+g01+g05 +gm1 VCOM -VS 0 Note there is a single-pole in this circuit VS g01+g03 /2 -gm1 VCOM -VS VOCg01 A COM -gm1 g01+g03 /2 sC+g01+g05 gm1+g01+g03 /2 -gm1g01 pCOM g05 C - g01+g03 /2 sC+g05 And this is different from the difference-mode pole But the common-mode gain tells little, if anything, about the CMFB Common-Mode and Difference-Mode Issues Overall poles are the union of the common-mode and difference mode poles Separate analysis generally require to determine common-mode and differencemode performance Some amplifiers will need more than one CMFB Common-mode offset voltage VDD M5 VO1 V0XX VCOFF C1 VC1 M1 VYY VB1 M4 V0XX M2 VO2 VC1 C2 M3 Definition: The common-mode offset voltage is the voltage that must be applied to the biasing node at the CMFB point to obtain the desired operating point at the stabilization node Common-mode offset voltage VDD Consider again the Common-mode half circuit M5 VDD VO1 V0XX VCOFF C1 M1 VC1 VB1 M4 V0XX M2 VO2 VC1 M4 VXX VYY VO2 VCOFF M2 VC1 C2 M3 VYY M3 M’3 M’3 M’3 There are three common-mode inputs to this circuit ! The common-mode signal input is distinct from the input that is affected by VCOFF The gain from the common-mode input where VFB is applied may be critical ! C2 Common-mode gains VDD VDD M5 VO1 VC2 V0XX C1 M4 VC1 VYY V02 VC1 g01+g03 /2 sC+g05 V02 gm5 VC2 sC+g05 V g /2 02 - m3 VC3 sC+g05 A COM2 A COM3 - - M2 VC1 M3 g01+g03 /2 IT 1 g05 IT / 2 2 VC3 A COM20 A COM VB1 VO2 C A COM0 M’3 M1 VC1 VO2 M2 VCOFF M4 V0XX A COM30 - gm5 2I / V 4 T EB 5 g05 IT / 2 VEB 5 2IT /2 gm3 /2 VEB3 2 = g05 IT /2 VEB3 Although the common-mode gain ACOM0 is very small, AC0M20 is very large! Shift in V02Q from VOXX is the product of the common-mode offset voltage and ACOM20 C2 Effect of common-mode offset voltage VDD VDD M5 VO1 V0XX C1 VC2 VC1 M4 VC3 M1 VYY VB1 M4 V0XX M2 VO2 VC1 C2 M3 VO2 VCOFF VB1 VCOFF M2 VC1 M’3 C2 A COM20 How big is ACOM20? 4 VEB 5 V02 = ACOM20 VCOFF How much change in V02 is acceptable? How big if VCOFF? (assume e.g. 50mV) (similar random expressions for VOS, assume, e.g. 25mV) (that due to process variations even larger) (if λ=.01, VEB=.2, ACOM20=2000) If change in V02 is too large, CMFB is needed (50mV <? 2000x25mV) How much gain is needed in the CMFB amplifier? VDD VFB M3 M4 VOUT VOUT VIN M1 M2 CMFB Circuit VIN CL CL VOXX VB2 M9 CMFB Block VO1 VAVG Averager A VFB VO2 VOXX CMFB must compensate for VCOFF Want to guarantee V02Q -V0XX < ΔVOUT-ACCEPTABLE This is essentially the small-signal output with a small-signal input of VCOFF How much gain is needed in the CMFB amplifier? VDD VFB M3 M4 VOUT VOUT VDD VIN M1 M2 CMFB Circuit VIN CL CL VOXX VC1 VB2 M4 VO2 VCOFF M2 VC1 VAVG C2 A VFB VOXX VC3 M9 Want to guarantee M’3 V02Q -V0XX < ΔVOUT-ACCEPTABLE The CMFB Loop Do a small-signal analysis, only input is VCOFF V02 = V02 A+VCOFF A COM2 V02 =VCOFF A COM2 1-AA COM2 V0UT-ACCEPTABLE =VCOFF A COM2 1-AA COM2 How much gain is needed in the CMFB amplifier? VDD VFB VDD M3 M4 VOUT VOUT VC1 VIN CMFB Circuit VIN CL VOXX VO2 VCOFF VC1 VAVG A C2 VOXX VC3 M2 CL M4 M2 M1 M’3 VFB VB2 M9 V0UT-ACCEPTABLE =VCOFF A COM2 1-AA COM2 The CMFB Loop • This does not require a particularly large gain • This is the loop that must be compensated since A and ACOMP2 will be frequency dependent • Miller compensation capacitor for compensation of differential loop will often appear in shunt with C2 • Can create this loop without CM inputs on fully differential structure for simulations • Results extend readily to two-stage structures with no big surprises CMFB Circuits Several (but not too many) CMFB circuits exist Can be classified as either continuous-time or discrete-time VDD IB Vo+ IB VOXX V01 N2 N1 M1 VFB M2 M3 M5 VSS M7 M6 VSS M4 V02 CS V01 N1 Vo- N2 C1 C1 N2 CS N2 VFB N1 N1 V02 End of Lecture 24