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Chapter 12 Cell Cycle & Mitosis Review This spot that holds the 2 chromatid copies together is called a centromere ______________________ The phase of the cell cycle in which cells stop dividing all together. G0 Cell division in bacterial cells is called Binary fission _______________________ Phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is copied S (synthesis) The proteins whose concentration fluctuates in cells and bind with cyclin-dependent kinases (CdK’s) to control the cell cycle cyclins Phase of the cell cycle in which the nuclear membrane is present and DNA is spread out into chromatin. interphase Type of cell division in eukaryotic cells that results in 2 identical diploid daughter cells. mitosis List the phases of mitosis in order starting with prophase. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis Phase of mitosis that follows anaphase telophase Phase of the cell cycle that follows G2 Mitosis (prophase) This network of fibers that attach and pull the chromosomes apart is called the mitotic ______________ spindle This cell is in __________________ prophase G1, S, and G2 make up this phase of the cell cycle. interphase Area near the nucleus that contains the centrioles and helps to organize spindle formation centrosome ______________ The place in the cell membrane of an animal cell that pinches in during cytokinesis is called a ____________________ cleavage furrow Plant cells can’t pinch to divide, instead they form a _______________ cell plate to divide. This phase of the cell cycle is anaphase ______________ Part of interphase in which the cell grows to mature size and carries out its job. G 1 Phase of mitosis that follows prophase prometaphase Phase of the cell cycle that follows S G2 This phase of the cell cycle is metaphase ________________ Phase of the cell cycle cells spend most of their time in. G1 of interphase Disorder in which body cells lose their ability to control cell division cancer One of 2 identical arms that make up a chromosome chromatid DNA that is all spread out in an interphase nucleus is called ________________ chromatin Phase of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear and the DNA scrunches into chromosomes. prophase In this part of interphase following S cells make the molecules and organelles needed for cell division G2 The 2 copies of each chromosome are called ______________ homologous chromosomes because are the same size, same shape, and carry genes for the same traits. These structures at the poles which attach to the spindle fibers and pull the chromosomes. centrioles The cell above is in ______phase meta When chromatin scrunches together chromosome it is called a _________________ One of 2 identical arms that make up a chromosome chromatid Phase of mitosis that follows metaphase anaphase Phase of the cell cycle that follows G1 S This cell is in ___________ anaphase Phase of cell division in which the nuclear membrane returns and chromosomes spread out into chromatin. telophase __________________________________ Cyclin dependent kinases (CdK’s) are enzymes that give the go ahead signals for cell division which are present in cells in inactive forms until they bind with a cyclin. checkpoint A ________________ is a critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle. Name the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing due to availability of growth factors and nutrients. Density dependent inhibition This cell is in __________ telophase The cell above is a _________ cell. Plant animal plant You can see the cell plate forming in center instead of a cleavage furrow. Phase of mitosis in which chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. anaphase The very first dividing phase is prophase _______________ Phase of the cell cycle where cells spend most of their time. They grow bigger and they do their job as body cells. G1 List the phases of mitosis in order starting with interphase Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis This is called a ______________ Cleavage furrow an animal This cell is _____________ cell. Plants don’t have cleavage furrows. an animal a plant Prophase (P) Metaphase (M) Anaphase (A) Telophase (T) Interphase (I) INTERPHASE ________________ DNA is all spread out as chromatin and nuclear membrane is visible PROPHASE ________________ DNA scrunches up and chromosomes are first visible INTERPHASE ________________ Made up of G1, S, G2 METAPHASE ________________ Chromosomes line up in middle of cell Prophase (P) Metaphase (M) Anaphase (A) Telophase (T) Interphase (I) INTERPHASE _______________ DNA is copied and cell prepares to divide ANAPHASE _______________ Chromatid arms separate and move to opposite ends of the cell _______________ TELOPHASE Chromosomes unwind into chromatin & nucleus returns PROPHASE _______________ Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disappear Prophase (P) Metaphase (M) Anaphase (A) Telophase (T) Interphase (I) TELOPHASE __________________ Two nuclei are visible __________________ PROPHASE First dividing phase PROPHASE ___________________ Centrosomes containing centrioles & spindle fibers appear next to nucleus __________________Cytoplasm is split between two cells CYTOKINESIS _________________ Spindle fibers and centrioles TELOPHASE disappear S G1 G2 G0 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C) G0 _______ Phase of the cell cycle most body cells are in S _______ Cell makes a copy of its DNA G0 _______ Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing M _______ Division of chromosomes happens S G1 G2 G0 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C) C _______ Division of cytoplasm happens _______ Follows S and cell makes the molecules and G2 organelles needed for cell division M _______ Made up of telophase, anaphase, prophase, and metaphase During which stages of a cell cycle would a chromosome consist of two identical chromatids? From end of S in interphase through the end of metaphase of mitosis Campbell Concept check 12.2 Compare cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells. Both form two identical daughter cells but mechanism is different Animal cells occurs by cleavage, which divides the parent cell in two using a contractile ring of actin; In plant cells a cell plate forms in the middle and grows until its membrane fuses with the parent cell plasma membrane; A new cell wall is produced from the cell plate Campbell Concept check 12.2 Phase of mitosis where the cytoplasm is split between two cells CYTOKINESIS Name the phases of the cell cycle in order starting with G1 G1 S G2 M C Type of cell division used by organisms to grow bigger, repair injuries, and replace worn out cells. mitosis The center of a chromosome that holds the chromatid arms together centromere 2 identical arms that make up a chromosome chromatids 2 matching chromosomes that are the same size, same shape, and carry genes for the same traits. HOMOLOGOUS Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei are visible, the nucleus returns, spindle fibers disappear, and DNA spreads out as chromatin telophase Shallow groove in an animal cell membrane near the old metaphase plate during cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Type of nuclear division that produces 2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell mitosis Type of division used by bacteria to reproduce Binary fission Phase in which the cytoplasm is split between the 2 daughter cells cytokinesis 1st phase of mitosis in which the nucleolus disappears and centrioles and spindle fibers appear. prophase The spread of cancer cells from the original site to a new distant location is called ___________________ metastasis A researcher treats cells with a chemical that prevents DNA synthesis. This treatment traps the cells in which part of the cell cycle? G1 Campbell Concept check 12.3 Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to grow are called ________________________. Growth factors Disease in which body cells lose their ability to control cell division cancer Repeating sequence of events that cells go through during their lifetime Cell cycle Phase in which the nucleus divides mitosis Phase in which cells grow and mature and where they spend most of their life G1 Area next to the nucleus in which the centrioles are found that organizes the formation of the spindle centrosomes Phase in which the nuclear membrane disappears and the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores prometaphase Phase in which the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell metaphase Phase after S in which cells make the molecules and organelles needed for cell division G2 Phase in which the DNA is copied S or SYNTHESIS Phase in which cells leave the cycle and stop dividing all together G0 Phase in which chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell anaphase Arrangement of microtubules which link the kinetochores and centrioles and pull the chromosomes apart during cell division Mitotic Spindle What is the go-ahead signal for a cell to pass the G2 phase checkpoint and enter mitosis (see the figure below) MPF is the signal to enter mitosis Campbell Concept check 12.3 Dividing wall that forms during cytokinesis in a plant cell to separate the 2 daughter cells Cell plate DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of a non-dividing cell chromatin Somatic __________________ cells or body cells have 2 copies of each chromosome. A cell’s genetic information is called its _____________ genome Reproductive cells like sperm and eggs which have one copy of each chomosome are called _______________ or germ cells. gametes A cell takes the longest time going through _______________. interphase A. prophase B. prometaphase C. metaphase D. anaphase E. telophase F. interphase Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? 32 cells Campbell Concept check 12.1 How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome? 2 Campbell Concept check 12.1 A chicken has 78 chromosomes in its somatic cells; how many did the chicken inherit from each parent? 39 from each parent How many chromosomes are in each of the chicken’s gametes? 39 How many chromosomes will be in each somatic cell of the chicken’s offspring? 78 How many chromosomes are in a “set”? 39 Campbell Concept check 12.1 How many chromosomes are shown in the figure at the right? 4 How many chromatids? 8 Campbell Concept check 12.2 What is the function of non-kinetochore microtubules? Elongate cell during anaphase Campbell Concept check 12.2 Identify three similarities between bacterial chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes, µ and behavior during cell considering both structure division. Each consists of a single molecule of DNA with attached proteins; During cell division the two copies actively move apart; After cell division, one copy ends up in each daughter cell Campbell Concept check 12.2 Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis? A. condensation of the chromosomes B. replication of DNA C. separation of sister chromatids D. spindle formation E. separation of the centrosomes B happens in interphase (S) Campbell Self-Quiz In the light micrograph below dividing cells near the tip of an onion root, identify a cell in each of the following stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE REST ARE INTERPHASE Campbell Self-Quiz In some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis occurring. This will result in A A. cells with more than one nucleus B. cells that are unusually small C. cells lacking nuclei D. destruction of chromosomes E. cell cycles lacking S phase Campbell Self-Quiz The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? E A. spindle formation B. spindle attachment to kinetochores C. DNA synthesis D. cell elongation during anaphase µ E. cleavage furrow formation Campbell Self-Quiz The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is caused by C A. the destruction of the protein kinase (CdK) B. decreased synthesis of cyclin C. the degradation of cyclin D. synthesis of DNA E. an increase in the cell’s volume to genome ratio Campbell Self-Quiz A particular cell has half as much DNA as some of the other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in A A. G1 B. G2 C. prophase D. metaphase E. anaphase Campbell Self-Quiz One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell is that C A. the cancer cell is unable to synthesis DNA B. the cell cycle of the cancer cell is arrested in S phase C. cancer cells continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together D. cancer cells cannot function properly because they suffer from density-dependent inhibition E. cancer cells are always in the M phase of the cell cycle Campbell Self-Quiz Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of microtubules its effectiveness must be related to A A. disruption of mitotic spindle formation B. inhibition of regulatory proteins phosphorylation C. suppression of cyclin production D. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation E. inhibition of DNA synthesis Campbell Self-Quiz Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of the cell and nuclei re-forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely B A. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis B. a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis C. An animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle D. a bacterial cell dividing E. a plant cell in metaphase Campbell Self-Quiz Increases in the enzymatic activity of some protein kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle are due to A. kinase synthesis by ribosomes B B. activation of inactive kinases by binding cyclins C. conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by means of phosphorylation D. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by cytoplasmic proteases E. a decline in external growth factors to a concentration below the inhibitory threshold Campbell Self-Quiz What phase is it? Anaphase What phase is it? Telophase What phase is it? Anaphase What phase is it? Metaphase What phase is it? Interphase No chromosomes yet What phase is it? Prophase What phase is it? prophase What phase is it? Telophase What phase is it? Metaphase What phase is it? Anaphase What phase is it? Telophase What phase is it? Anaphase What phase is it? Metaphase THE END