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Chapter 12
Cell Cycle & Mitosis
Review
This spot that holds the 2
chromatid copies together
is called a
centromere
______________________
The phase of the cell cycle
in which cells stop dividing all together.
G0
Cell division in bacterial
cells is called
Binary fission
_______________________
Phase of the cell cycle in which
DNA is copied
S (synthesis)
The proteins whose concentration
fluctuates in cells and bind with
cyclin-dependent kinases (CdK’s) to
control the cell cycle
cyclins
Phase of the cell cycle
in which the nuclear
membrane is present
and DNA is spread out
into chromatin. interphase
Type of cell division in eukaryotic
cells that results in 2 identical diploid
daughter cells.
mitosis
List the phases of mitosis in order
starting with prophase.
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Phase of mitosis that follows
anaphase telophase
Phase of the cell cycle that follows G2
Mitosis (prophase)
This network of fibers
that attach and pull
the chromosomes
apart is called the
mitotic ______________
spindle
This cell is in
__________________
prophase
G1, S, and G2 make up this phase
of the cell cycle.
interphase
Area near the nucleus that contains
the centrioles and helps to organize
spindle formation centrosome
______________
The place in the cell membrane of
an animal cell that pinches in
during cytokinesis is called a
____________________
cleavage furrow
Plant cells can’t pinch to divide,
instead they form a _______________
cell plate
to divide.
This phase of the
cell cycle is
anaphase
______________
Part of interphase in which the
cell grows to mature size and carries
out its job.
G
1
Phase of mitosis that follows
prophase prometaphase
Phase of the cell cycle that follows S
G2
This phase of the
cell cycle is
metaphase
________________
Phase of the cell cycle cells spend
most of their time in.
G1 of interphase
Disorder in which body cells lose
their ability to control cell
division
cancer
One of 2 identical arms
that make up a chromosome
chromatid
DNA that is all spread out in
an interphase nucleus is called
________________
chromatin
Phase of mitosis in which the
nuclear membrane and nucleolus
disappear and the DNA scrunches
into chromosomes.
prophase
In this part of interphase following
S cells make the molecules and
organelles needed for cell division
G2
The 2 copies of each chromosome
are called ______________
homologous
chromosomes because are the same size,
same shape, and carry genes for the
same traits.
These structures
at the poles which
attach to the spindle
fibers and pull the
chromosomes. centrioles
The cell above is in ______phase
meta
When chromatin scrunches together
chromosome
it is called a _________________
One of 2 identical arms
that make up a chromosome
chromatid
Phase of mitosis that follows
metaphase
anaphase
Phase of the cell cycle that follows G1
S
This cell is in
___________
anaphase
Phase of cell division in which
the nuclear membrane returns and
chromosomes spread out into
chromatin. telophase
__________________________________
Cyclin dependent kinases (CdK’s) are enzymes
that give the go ahead signals for cell division which
are present in cells in inactive forms until they bind
with a cyclin.
checkpoint
A ________________
is a critical control point where
stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle.
Name the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop
dividing due to availability of growth factors and
nutrients.
Density dependent inhibition
This cell is in
__________
telophase
The cell above is a _________
cell.
Plant
animal
plant
You can see the cell plate
forming in center instead
of a cleavage furrow.
Phase of mitosis in which chromatids
separate and move to opposite
ends of the cell.
anaphase
The very first dividing phase is
prophase
_______________
Phase of the cell cycle where cells
spend most of their time. They
grow bigger and they do their job
as body cells.
G1
List the phases of mitosis in order
starting with interphase
Interphase, prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
This is called a
______________
Cleavage furrow
an animal
This cell is _____________
cell.
Plants don’t have cleavage furrows.
an animal
a plant
Prophase (P)
Metaphase (M) Anaphase (A) Telophase (T)
Interphase (I)
INTERPHASE
________________ DNA is all spread out as chromatin
and nuclear membrane is visible
PROPHASE
________________ DNA scrunches up and
chromosomes are first visible
INTERPHASE
________________
Made up of G1, S, G2
METAPHASE
________________
Chromosomes line up in middle of
cell
Prophase (P)
Metaphase (M) Anaphase (A) Telophase (T)
Interphase (I)
INTERPHASE
_______________ DNA is copied and cell prepares to
divide
ANAPHASE
_______________
Chromatid arms separate and move to
opposite ends of the cell
_______________
TELOPHASE Chromosomes unwind into chromatin
& nucleus returns
PROPHASE
_______________
Nuclear membrane & nucleolus
disappear
Prophase (P)
Metaphase (M) Anaphase (A) Telophase (T)
Interphase (I)
TELOPHASE
__________________
Two nuclei are visible
__________________
PROPHASE
First dividing phase
PROPHASE
___________________
Centrosomes containing
centrioles & spindle fibers
appear next to nucleus
__________________Cytoplasm
is split between two cells
CYTOKINESIS
_________________
Spindle fibers and centrioles
TELOPHASE
disappear
S
G1
G2
G0
Mitosis (M)
Cytokinesis (C)
G0
_______
Phase of the cell cycle most body cells are in
S
_______
Cell makes a copy of its DNA
G0
_______
Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing
M
_______
Division of chromosomes happens
S
G1
G2
G0
Mitosis (M)
Cytokinesis (C)
C
_______
Division of cytoplasm happens
_______
Follows S and cell makes the molecules and
G2
organelles needed for cell division
M
_______
Made up of telophase, anaphase, prophase,
and metaphase
During which stages of a cell cycle would a
chromosome consist of two identical chromatids?
From end of S in interphase through the end of
metaphase of mitosis
Campbell Concept check 12.2
Compare cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells.
Both form two identical daughter cells but mechanism is different
Animal cells occurs by cleavage, which divides the parent cell in two
using a contractile ring of actin;
In plant cells a cell plate forms in the middle and grows until its
membrane fuses with the parent cell plasma membrane;
A new cell wall is produced from the cell plate
Campbell Concept check 12.2
Phase of mitosis where the
cytoplasm is split between two cells
CYTOKINESIS
Name the phases of the cell cycle in
order starting with G1
G1 S G2 M C
Type of cell division used by organisms to
grow bigger, repair injuries, and replace
worn out cells.
mitosis
The center of a chromosome that holds the
chromatid arms together
centromere
2 identical arms that make up a
chromosome
chromatids
2 matching chromosomes that are the
same size, same shape, and carry genes
for the same traits.
HOMOLOGOUS
Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei are
visible, the nucleus returns, spindle
fibers disappear, and DNA spreads
out as chromatin
telophase
Shallow groove in an animal cell
membrane near the old metaphase
plate during cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow
Type of nuclear division that produces
2 diploid daughter cells that are
genetically identical to the parent cell
mitosis
Type of division used by bacteria
to reproduce
Binary fission
Phase in which the cytoplasm is
split between the 2 daughter cells
cytokinesis
1st phase of mitosis in which the
nucleolus disappears and centrioles
and spindle fibers appear.
prophase
The spread of cancer cells from the original site to a
new distant location is called ___________________
metastasis
A researcher treats cells with a chemical that prevents
DNA synthesis. This treatment traps the cells in
which part of the cell cycle?
G1
Campbell Concept check 12.3
Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other
cells to grow are called ________________________.
Growth factors
Disease in which body cells lose
their ability to control cell division
cancer
Repeating sequence of events that
cells go through during their lifetime
Cell cycle
Phase in which the nucleus divides
mitosis
Phase in which cells grow and mature
and where they spend most of their
life
G1
Area next to the nucleus in which the
centrioles are found that organizes the
formation of the spindle
centrosomes
Phase in which the nuclear membrane
disappears and the spindle fibers attach
to the kinetochores
prometaphase
Phase in which the chromosomes
line up in the middle of the cell
metaphase
Phase after S in which cells make the
molecules and organelles needed for
cell division
G2
Phase in which the DNA is copied
S or SYNTHESIS
Phase in which cells leave the cycle
and stop dividing all together
G0
Phase in which chromatids separate
and move to opposite ends of the
cell
anaphase
Arrangement of microtubules which
link the kinetochores and centrioles
and pull the chromosomes apart
during cell division
Mitotic Spindle
What is the go-ahead signal for a cell to pass the G2
phase checkpoint and enter mitosis (see the figure
below)
MPF
is the signal to enter
mitosis
Campbell Concept check 12.3
Dividing wall that forms during
cytokinesis in a plant cell to
separate the 2 daughter cells
Cell plate
DNA that is spread out in the nucleus
of a non-dividing cell
chromatin
Somatic
__________________
cells or body cells have 2 copies
of each chromosome.
A cell’s genetic information is called its
_____________
genome
Reproductive cells like sperm and eggs which have
one copy of each chomosome are called
_______________
or germ cells.
gametes
A cell takes the longest time going through
_______________.
interphase
A. prophase
B. prometaphase
C. metaphase
D. anaphase
E. telophase
F. interphase
Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five
cell divisions would produce an early embryo with
how many cells?
32 cells
Campbell Concept check 12.1
How many chromatids are in a duplicated
chromosome?
2
Campbell Concept check 12.1
A chicken has 78 chromosomes in its somatic cells;
how many did the chicken inherit from each parent?
39 from each parent
How many chromosomes are in each of the chicken’s gametes?
39
How many chromosomes will be in each somatic cell
of the chicken’s offspring?
78
How many chromosomes are in a “set”?
39
Campbell Concept check 12.1
How many chromosomes are shown in the figure at
the right? 4
How many chromatids?
8
Campbell Concept check 12.2
What is the function of non-kinetochore microtubules?
Elongate cell during anaphase
Campbell Concept check 12.2
Identify three similarities between bacterial
chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes,
µ and behavior during cell
considering both structure
division.
Each consists of a single molecule of DNA with attached proteins;
During cell division the two copies actively move apart;
After cell division, one copy ends up in each daughter cell
Campbell Concept check 12.2
Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?
A. condensation of the chromosomes
B. replication of DNA
C. separation of sister chromatids
D. spindle formation
E. separation of the centrosomes
B happens in interphase (S)
Campbell Self-Quiz
In the light micrograph below dividing cells near the tip
of an onion root, identify a cell in each of the
following stages:
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
REST ARE
INTERPHASE
Campbell Self-Quiz
In some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis
occurring. This will result in
A A. cells with more than one nucleus
B. cells that are unusually small
C. cells lacking nuclei
D. destruction of chromosomes
E. cell cycles lacking S phase
Campbell Self-Quiz
The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin.
Which of the following aspects of the cell cycle would be
most disrupted by cytochalasin B?
E
A. spindle formation
B. spindle attachment to kinetochores
C. DNA synthesis
D. cell elongation during anaphase
µ
E. cleavage furrow formation
Campbell Self-Quiz
The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is
caused by
C
A. the destruction of the protein kinase (CdK)
B. decreased synthesis of cyclin
C. the degradation of cyclin
D. synthesis of DNA
E. an increase in the cell’s volume to genome ratio
Campbell Self-Quiz
A particular cell has half as much DNA as some of the
other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in
question is most likely in
A A. G1
B. G2
C. prophase
D. metaphase
E. anaphase
Campbell Self-Quiz
One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell
is that
C
A. the cancer cell is unable to synthesis DNA
B. the cell cycle of the cancer cell is arrested in S phase
C. cancer cells continue to divide even when they are
tightly packed together
D. cancer cells cannot function properly because they
suffer from density-dependent inhibition
E. cancer cells are always in the M phase of the cell cycle
Campbell Self-Quiz
Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used
to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly
of microtubules its effectiveness must be related to
A A. disruption of mitotic spindle formation
B. inhibition of regulatory proteins phosphorylation
C. suppression of cyclin production
D. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage
furrow formation
E. inhibition of DNA synthesis
Campbell Self-Quiz
Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate
beginning to develop across the middle of the cell
and nuclei re-forming on either side of the cell plate.
This cell is most likely
B
A. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis
B. a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis
C. An animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle
D. a bacterial cell dividing
E. a plant cell in metaphase
Campbell Self-Quiz
Increases in the enzymatic activity of some protein
kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle
are due to
A. kinase synthesis by ribosomes
B B. activation of inactive kinases by binding cyclins
C. conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by
means of phosphorylation
D. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by
cytoplasmic proteases
E. a decline in external growth factors to a concentration
below the inhibitory threshold
Campbell Self-Quiz
What phase is it?
Anaphase
What phase is it?
Telophase
What phase is it?
Anaphase
What phase is it?
Metaphase
What phase is it?
Interphase
No chromosomes yet
What phase is it?
Prophase
What phase is it?
prophase
What phase is it?
Telophase
What phase is it?
Metaphase
What phase is it?
Anaphase
What phase is it?
Telophase
What phase is it?
Anaphase
What phase is it?
Metaphase
THE END