* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Quantum Numbers “Where are the Electrons?”
Relativistic quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Quantum state wikipedia , lookup
EPR paradox wikipedia , lookup
Symmetry in quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Chemical bond wikipedia , lookup
Hartree–Fock method wikipedia , lookup
Molecular Hamiltonian wikipedia , lookup
Wave–particle duality wikipedia , lookup
Quantum electrodynamics wikipedia , lookup
Ferromagnetism wikipedia , lookup
Particle in a box wikipedia , lookup
Auger electron spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
Atomic theory wikipedia , lookup
X-ray fluorescence wikipedia , lookup
Electron scattering wikipedia , lookup
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation wikipedia , lookup
Hydrogen atom wikipedia , lookup
Tight binding wikipedia , lookup
Molecular orbital wikipedia , lookup
Quantum Numbers “Where are the Electrons?” An orbital is a three-dimensional region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron. Quantum numbers are used to describe atomic orbitals and the electrons in them. There are 4 quantum numbers: o The principal quantum number (n), indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron. n = a whole number such as 1, 2, 3, 4 n tells the distance from the nucleus and the energy of an electron in that main energy level (electrons in n=1 are closest to the nucleus and have the lowest energy) There can be more than one orbital in a main energy level. The total number of orbitals that exist in a given energy level is equal to n2 The total number of electrons that can be found in a given main energy level is 2n2 o Main energy levels can have sublevels. The angular momentum quantum number (l), describes the sublevels: the number of sublevels = n (the main energy level) Letters (s, p, d, f) are used to indicate the shape of the orbitals in the sublevel. s orbitals are spherical p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped d orbitals are double-dumbbells f orbitals are very complex o The magnetic quantum number (m), indicates the number of orbitals in a sublevel: o The s sublevel consists of one s orbital. The p sublevel consists of three p orbitals. The d sublevel consists of five d orbitals. The f sublevel consists of seven f orbitals. The spin quantum number indicates the direction each electron is spinning: Each electron spins clockwise or counterclockwise as it moves around the nucleus This is indicated by spin values of +½ or -½ A single orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, which must have opposite spins. Main Energy Level (n) Sublevels Available Number of Orbitals per sublevel 1 s 1 2 2 s p 1 3 2 6 8 s p d s p d f s p d f g* s p d f* g* h* 1 3 5 1 3 5 7 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 11 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 18 2 6 10 14 18 22 18 2 3 4 5 6 Total electrons Total electrons possible for possible in the energy level sublevel (2n2) *These orbitals are not used in the ground state of any known element. 32 50 72