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HOW DO NEUROTRANSMITTERS AFFECT THE BRAIN: DOPAMINE Buşra Yağmur OUTLINE Neurotransmitters What is Dopamine Where is Dopamine formed How does Dopamine work What are the functions of Dopamine Dopamine related disease Dopamine and addiction Conclusion References WHAT ARE NEUROTRANSMITTER The brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our brain and body The brain uses neurotransmitters to tell your heart to beat, your lungs to breathe, and your stomach to digest They can also affect mood, sleep, concentration, weight, and can cause adverse symptoms when they are out of balance Serotonin, GABA, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine DOPAMINE A monoamine neurotransmitter that upon binding to a dopamine receptor (G-protein coupled) releases a variety of downstream signals. A special neurotransmitter because it is considered to be both excitatory and inhibitory. WHERE IS DOPAMINE FORMED Dopamine is mainly synthesized in areas of the central and peripheral nervous systems, such as in the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus, and the caudad HOW DOES DOPAMINE WORK Dopamine is released into synaptic cleft. Dopamine binds with receptor. Once done, dopamine is taken back into the cell, so not too much is present in the cleft. The control mechanism is found in the endorphin Endorphin can either enhance of inhibit the action of dopamine. WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF DOPAMINE Dopamine plays a significant role in the cardiovascular, renal, hormonal, and central nervous systems. It is thought to control processes as diverse as movement to drug addiction. Dopamine dendrites extend into various regions of the brain, controlling different functions through the stimulation of α and β adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors Dopamine in movement: A part of the brain called the basal ganglia regulates movement. Dopamine in pleasure reward seeking behavior: Dopamine is the chemical that mediates pleasure in the brain. Dopamine in memory: Levels of dopamine in the brain, especially the prefrontal cortex, help in improved working memory. Dopamine in attention: Dopamine helps in focus and attention. Vision helps a dopamine response in the brain and this in turn helps one to focus and direct their attention Dopamine in cognition: Dopamine in the frontal lobes of the brain controls the flow of information from other areas of the brain DOPAMINE RELATED DISEASE Dopamine deficiency in the striatum or substantia nigra results in Parkinson’s-like symptoms. In this case, movement becomes slow and rigid, accompanied by muscle tremor. An excessive amount of dopamine is affiliated with schizophrenia, characterized by altered behavior, and delusions. A deficiency of dopamine (DA) is a leading candidate for the etiology of certain symptoms of depression May have a role in obesity May play a role in drug addiction May have a role in alcoholism May use dopamine derivatives to treat disease DOPAMINE AND ADDICTION Cocaine and amphetamines inhibit the re-uptake of dopamine. Cocaine is a dopamine transporter blocker that competitively inhibits dopamine uptake to increase the presence of dopamine. Amphetamine increases the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic gap, but by a different mechanism. Amphetamines are similar in structure to dopamine, and so can enter the presynaptic neuron via its dopamine transporters. By entering, amphetamines force dopamine molecules out of their storage vesicles. By increasing presence of dopamine both these lead to increased pleasurable feelings and addiction. CONCLUSION Dopamine is a neurotransmitter released by the brain that plays a number of roles in humans and other animals. Some of its notable functions are in: Movement, memory, pleasurable reward, behavior and cognition, attention, inhibition of prolactin production, sleep, mood, learning Excess and deficiency of this vital chemical is the cause of several disease conditions. Parkinson's disease and drug addiction are some of the examples of problems associated with abnormal dopamine levels. REFERENCE Fellous, J. and Suri, R.E. (2002). The roles of dopamine. The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, 2. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, https://www.neurogistics.com/TheScience/Whatar eNeurotransmi09CE.asp http://www.news-medical.net/health/DopamineFunctions.aspx
