Download VETERINARY GUIDELINES ON MAJOR TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL

NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
VETERINARY GUIDELINES
ON MAJOR TRANSMISSIBLE
ANIMAL DISEASES
AND PREVENTING THEIR
TRANSFER
AMedP-26
RATIFICATION DRAFT 1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(INTENTIONALLY BLANK)
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
VETERINARY GUIDELINES
ON MAJOR TRANSMISSIBLE
ANIMAL DISEASES
AND PREVENTING THEIR
TRANSFER
AMedP-26
XXX 20xx
i
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(INTENTIONALLY BLANK)
ii
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION
NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY (NSA)
NATO LETTER OF PROMULGATION
Xx xxx 20xx
AMedP-26 – VETERINARY GUIDELINES ON MAJOR TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES AND
PREVENTING THEIR TRANSFER is a NATO/EAPC UNCLASSIFIED publication. The agreement of
NATO nations to use this publication is recorded in STANAG 2557.
2. AMedP-1 is effective on receipt.
iii
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(INTENTIONALLY BLANK)
iv
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
RESERVED FOR NATIONAL LETTER OF PROMULGATION
v
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(INTENTIONALLY BLANK)
vi
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
RECORD OF CHANGES
Change
Date
Date
Entered
Effective
Date
By Whom
Entered
vii
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(INTENTIONALLY BLANK)
viii
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
RECORD OF RESERVATIONS BY NATIONS
CHAPTER
RECORD OF RESERVATIONS BY NATIONS
ix
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
RECORD OF SPECIFIC RESERVATIONS
NATION
SPECIFIC RESERVATIONS
x
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1-MULTINATIONAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
0101.
Justification
0102.
Current Worldwide Situation
ANNEX A- OIE LISTED DISEASES
ANNEX B- WORLD ANIMAL HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
1-1
1-1
1
1
CHAPTER 2-PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS ANIMAL
DISEASES
0201.
General Information – Recommendations
0202.
Disinfection and Disinsectisation -General Recommendations
ANNEX A- GUIDELINES FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL
ANNEX B- GUIDELINES TO AIRLINES, SHIPPING AND
CATERING COMPANIES ETC.
ANNEX C-ANIMAL DISEASES RESISTANCE TO PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL ACTION
ANNEX D -DESTRUCTION OF CAUSATIVE AGENT OF FOOT
AND MOUTH DISEASE
2-1
2-3
1
1
1
1
CHAPTER 3-OVERVIEW OF TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES
0301.
Transmisible Diseases
3-1
ANNEX A-OFFICIAL PREVENTION AND CONTROL METHODS
OF MAJOR OIE LISTED TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES
(FORMER OIE LIST A)
1
CHAPTER 4- THE WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH
(OIE)
0401.
General Description of OIE
4-1
1
ANNEX A- OIE’s MAIN OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE
ANNEX B- OIE MEMBER’S LEGALITIES AND SPECIAL PROCEDURES 1
LEXICON
1
xi
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Chapter 2 – ΑΝΝΕΧ Α - GUIDELINES FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL IN
LEAFLET FORM
Figure A-1. Guidelines for Military Personnel in Leaflet Form............................... Α-1
Chapter 2 – ΑΝΝΕΧ Β - GUIDELINES TO AIRLINES, SHIPPING AND
CATERING COMPANIES ETC. IN LEAFLET FORM
Figure B-1. Guidelines to Airlines, Shipping and Catering Companies etc. in
Leaflet Form………………………… ……………………………………………..…Β-1
xii
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
CHAPTER 1
MULTINATIONAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
0101. Justification
1.
Veterinarians serving on multinational operations have experienced severe
problems in the area of controlling transmissible diseases which have the potential for
very serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, which are of serious
socio-economic or public health consequence and which are of major importance in
the international trade of animals and animal products, since no agreed multi –
national policies and procedures exist.
2.
Therefore, although to date this has been considered to be a matter for
individual National Support Element (NSE), the problems are potentially international
in their scope .It would therefore appear that an international approach to solving
these problems would be more appropriate.
0102. Current Worldwide Situation
1.
An intergovernmental organization, “Office International des Epizooties
(OIE)”, created by the International Agreement signed by 28 countries on January
25th 1924, due to the need to fight animal diseases at global level. In May 2003 the
Office became the World Organisation for Animal Health but kept its historical
acronym OIE.
2.
OIE is recognised as a reference organisation by the World Trade
Organization (WTO) and as of April 2009, had a total of 174 Member Countries and
Territories. The OIE maintains permanent relations with 36 other international and
regional organisations and has Regional and sub-regional Offices on every continent.
The OIE has established a warning system which enables Member Countries to act
rapidly should the need arise.
3.
The counties who participate at the multinational operations, are also members
of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). According to the OIE animal
diseases with regards to their severity are incorporated into a list called OIE Listed
Diseases.
4.
The OIE members are obligated to report the diseases of the aforementioned
list according to a set rhythm. The OIE informs, and advises National Veterinary
services in order to protect the eradication of the diseases.
5.
For the international approach of issuing, this study is based on the OIE
documents, which will be expanded or specified to control hazards from returning
personnel and equipment from multinational operations.
1-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
6.
Force Health Protection Organisation and/or Preventive Medicine
departments, can provide data or address special risks making use of reliable
information from any available source (e.g. Food and Agriculture Organisation,
World Trade Organisation, World Health Organisation) in order to overlap
information gaps, arising in cases where OIE procedures cannot provide sufficient
knowledge of transmissible diseases’ situation, within the area of operations.
1-2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ANNEX A
OIE LISTED DISEASES
1.
The OIE listed diseases are defined as transmissible diseases which have the
potential for very serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, which are
of serious socio-economic or public health consequence and which are of major
importance in the international trade of animals and animal products.
2.
Reports are submitted to the OIE according to World Animal Health
Information System.
3.
The criteria for the inclusion of a disease in the OIE List are as follows:
a.
International spread of the disease has been proven on three or more
occasions.
b.
More than three countries with populations of susceptible animals are
free of the disease or facing impending freedom.
c.
OIE annual reports indicate that a significant number of countries with
susceptible populations have reported absence of the disease for several
consecutive years.
d.
Transmission to humans has been proven (with the exception of
artificial circumstances).
e.
Human infection is associated with severe consequences (death or
prolonged illness).
f.
The disease exhibits significant mortality at the level of a country or a
zone.
g.
The disease exhibits significant morbidity at the level of a country or a
zone.
h.
There are apparent zoonotic properties or there is a rapid spread of the
disease.
4.
The OIE list contains the following diseases:
a.
Multiple species diseases
(1)
Anthrax
(2)
Aujeszky's disease
(3)
Bluetongue
1-A-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
b.
(4)
Brucellosis ( Brucella abortus )
(5)
Brucellosis ( Brucella melitensis )
(6)
Brucellosis ( Brucella suis )
(7)
Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever
(8)
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis
(9)
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
(10)
Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern)
(11)
Foot and mouth disease
(12)
Heartwater
(13)
Japanese encephalitis
(14)
Leptospirosis
(15)
New world screwworm ( Cochliomyia hominivorax )
(16)
Old world screwworm ( Chrysomya bezziana )
(17)
Paratuberculosis
(18)
Q fever
(19)
Rabies
(20)
Rift Valley fever
(21)
Rinderpest
(22)
Surra (Trypanosoma evansi)
(23)
Trichinellosis
(24)
Tularemia
(25)
Vesicular stomatitis
(26)
West Nile fever
Cattle diseases
1-A-2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(1)
Bovine anaplasmosis
(2)
Bovine babesiosis
(3)
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis
(4)
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(5)
Bovine tuberculosis
(6)
Bovine viral diarrhoea
(7)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
(8)
Enzootic bovine leukosis
(9)
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
(10) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious
pustular vulvovaginitis
c.
(11)
Lumpky skin disease
(12)
Theileriosis
(13)
Trichomonosis
(14)
Trypanosomosis (tsetse-transmitted)
Sheep and goat diseases
(1)
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis
(2)
Contagious agalactia
(3)
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
(4)
Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis)
(5)
Maedi-visna
(6)
Nairobi sheep disease
(7)
Ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis)
(8)
Peste des petits ruminants
(9)
Salmonellosis (S. abortusovis)
1-A-3
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
d.
e.
f.
(10)
Scrapie
(11)
Sheep pox and goat pox
Equine diseases
(1)
African horse sickness
(2)
Contagious equine metritis
(3)
Dourine
(4)
Equine encephalomyelitis (Western)
(5)
Equine infectious anaemia
(6)
Equine influenza
(7)
Equine piroplasmosis
(8)
Equine rhinopneumonitis
(9)
Equine viral arteritis
(10)
Glanders
(11)
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
Swine diseases
(1)
African swine fever
(2)
Classical swine fever
(3)
Nipah virus encephalitis
(4)
Porcine cysticercosis
(5)
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
(6)
Swine vesicular disease
(7)
Transmissible gastroenteritis
Avian diseases
(1)
Avian chlamydiosis
1-A-4
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(2)
Avian infectious bronchitis
(3)
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
(4)
Avian mycoplasmosis (M. gallisepticum)
(5)
Avian mycoplasmosis (M. synoviae)
(6)
Duck virus hepatitis
(7)
Fowl cholera
(8)
Fowl typhoid
(9)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian
influenza in poultry
g.
h.
i.
(10)
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
(11)
Marek's disease
(12)
Newcastle disease
(13)
Pullorum disease
(14)
Turkey rhinotracheitis
Lagomorph diseases
(1)
Myxomatosis
(2)
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease
Bee diseases
(1)
Acarapisosis of honey bees
(2)
American foulbrood of honey bees
(3)
European foulbrood of honey bees
(4)
Small hive beetle infestation (Aethina tumida)
(5)
Tropilaelaps infestation of honey bees
(6)
Varroosis of honey bees
Fish diseases
1-A-5
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
j.
k.
(1)
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis
(2)
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis
(3)
Spring viraemia of carp
(4)
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
(5)
Infectious salmon anaemia
(6)
Epizootic ulcerative syndrome
(7)
Gyrodactylosis (Gyrodactylus salaris)
(8)
Red sea bream iridoviral disease
(9)
Koi herpesvirus disease
Mollusc diseases
(1)
Infection with Bonamia ostreae
(2)
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa
(3)
Infection with Marteilia refringens
(4)
Infection with Perkinsus marinus
(5)
Infection with Perkinsus olseni
(6)
Infection with Xenohaliotis californiensis
(7)
Abalone viral mortality
Crustacean diseases
(1)
Taura syndrome
(2)
White spot disease
(3)
Yellowhead disease
(4)
Tetrahedral baculovirosis (Baculovirus penaei)
(5)
Spherical baculovirosis (Penaeus monodon-type baculovirus)
(6)
Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis
(7)
Crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci)
1-A-6
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
l.
m.
(8)
Infectious myonecrosis
(9)
White tail disease
Amphibians
(1)
Infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
(2)
Infection with ranavirus
Other diseases
(1)
Camelpox
(2)
Leishmaniosis
1-A-7
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ANNEX B
WORLD ANIMAL HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
1.
One of the OIE’s main missions is to ensure the transparency of the world
animal health situation. To achieve this aim as effectively as possible, the OIE
launched the new World Animal Health Information System in January 2005, based
on the commitment of OIE Member Countries and Territories (the Members) to notify
cases of the main animal diseases detected in their territories, including zoonoses.
2.
The World Animal Health Information System, better known as WAHIS, is an
internet-based computer system that processes data on animal diseases and then
informs the international community, by means of “alert messages”, of relevant
epidemiological events in OIE Members. Access to this secure site is only available to
authorised users, namely the Delegates of OIE Members and their authorised
representatives, who use WAHIS to notify the OIE of relevant animal disease
information.
3.
Whenever an important epidemiological event occurs in a Member, the
Member must inform the OIE by sending an Immediate Notification (terrestrial and
aquatic animals) which includes the reason for the notification, the name of the
disease, the affected species, the geographical area affected, the control measures
applied and any laboratory tests carried out or in progress. Diseases notifiable to the
OIE used to be classified into two lists, List A and List B. In May 2004, OIE
Members approved the creation of a single list of diseases notifiable to the OIE.
Modifications to the List can be made annually, subject to the approval of the
International Committee during its General Session. The modified List does not come
into force until the following January, so as to ensure that the list of diseases remains
the same for any given calendar year. Proposed changes to the List are based on a
decision tree contained in an OIE international standard. A new list has been approved
in May 2008 by the International Committee and came into force in 2009.
4.
To improve the scope and efficiency of the OIE's early warning system, the
events of epidemiological significance that Members should immediately notify to the
OIE Central Bureau are the following:
a.
For terrestrial animals:
(1) The first occurrence of an OIE-listed disease or infection in a
country/territory or zone/compartment.
(2) The re-occurrence of an OIE-listed disease or infection in a
country/territory or zone/compartment following a report by the Delegate
of the Member declaring the previous outbreak(s) closed.
(3) The first occurrence of a new strain of a pathogen of an OIE-listed
1-B-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
disease in a country/territory or zone/compartment.
(4) A sudden and unexpected increase in morbidity or mortality caused
by an existing OIE-listed disease.
(5) An emerging disease with significant morbidity/mortality or zoonotic
potential.
(6) Evidence of a change in the epidemiology of an OIE-listed disease
(including host range, pathogenicity, strain of causative pathogen), in
particular if there is a zoonotic impact.
b.
For aquatic animals:
(1) The first occurrence or the re-occurrence of an OIE-listed disease in
a country or zone/compartment of the country previously considered to be
free of the disease.
(2)
Any occurrence of an OIE-listed disease in a new host species.
(3) Any occurrence of an OIE-listed disease caused by a new strain of
the pathogen or in a new disease manifestation.
(4) Any occurrence of an OIE-listed disease, if the disease has newly
recognised zoonotic potential.
(5) Any occurrence of an emerging disease or pathogenic agent if the
event is of epidemiological significance to other countries.
5.
Once they have been received, verified and validated by the OIE, the immediate
notifications are published in the OIE's three official working languages (English,
French and Spanish) under the heading Alerts and sent to everyone on the OIE-Info
Distribution List, an electronic distribution list set up to facilitate and widen the
dissemination of animal health information. This list is open not only to the Delegates
of Members, the OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres and
international and regional organisations, but also, by subscription, to any institutions
or individuals interested in receiving such information directly.
6.
After having informed the OIE of a significant epidemiological event by means
of an immediate notification report, the Member must send weekly Follow-up Reports
so that the event can be monitored as it evolves. In all cases, the country must submit
a final report to notify either that the event has been resolved or that the disease has
become endemic. In the latter case, the country will continue to submit information in
its six-monthly reports if the disease is on the OIE List.
7.
Animal Health Information for 2005 and thereafter is accessible from the new
WAHID (World Animal Health Information Database) interface.
a.
Six-monthly Reports provide information on the presence or absence of
diseases on the OIE List and the prevention and control measures applied. For
1-B-2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
diseases reported as being present in a country during a given six-month period,
the country in question must provide quantitative data on the number of
outbreaks, susceptible animals, cases, deaths, animals destroyed and animals
vaccinated. For diseases that are present and are notifiable in the country, the
OIE recommends that countries provide quantitative data by month and by first
administrative division. Countries that so wish can enter their data in WAHIS
each month during a given six-month period (i.e. without waiting until the end
of the six-month period), thereby providing the international community with
the most recent information on the diseases that are present and which Members
consider are the most important.
b.
In this respect, Members are given other options for entering information
in WAHIS on diseases that are present: by month and for the whole country, by
first administrative level and for the entire six-month period, and by first
administrative level for the whole country. The choice of one or other of these
options will depend on the national surveillance and monitoring systems in the
country in question and the type of information generated by these
systems. These choices made by Countries and Territories will be reflected in
the way the WAHID interface is presented whenever a request for information
is made.
c.
Lastly, the two six-monthly reports will be combined in the part of the
annual report dealing with OIE-listed diseases. Once a year, Members submit a
variety of information on diseases that are not on the OIE List, the impact of
zoonoses on the human population, animal population statistics, the structure of
the Veterinary Services, national reference laboratories and the diagnostic tests
they can perform, and, where appropriate, vaccine manufacturers and the
vaccines they produce.
d.
The monthly and annual data supplied by Members on animal diseases
and zoonoses prior to 2005 can be accessed in OIE database via the Web
interface, Handistatus II.
A synthesis of annual data is also contained in a publication entitled World
8.
Animal Health, which also includes more detailed sanitary and general information.
9.
As an adjunct to the World Animal Health Information (WAHIS) on-line
reporting system, the data and information provided by Members are accessible via
the Web interface WAHID (World Animal Health Information Database) and can be
accessed by the public through the OIE Web site.
10. This unique new application is the cornerstone of the OIE's efforts to improve
the transparency, efficacy and rapidity of the dissemination of animal health
information throughout the world, by giving everyone easy access to all the available
information on animal diseases, including zoonoses, presented by country/territory, by
region, by month, by six-month period or by year. This interface gives access to a
range of other information, including data on animal populations at a national or
regional level, epidemiological maps of significant events, world distribution maps of
animal diseases and control methods applied by disease, as well as tools to compare
the animal health situation between countries. The latter application can help
1-B-3
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
determine potential risks of trade in live animals or in animal products between
Members.
11. A special section is devoted to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
situation worldwide in response to the many requests for information on the subject
received by the OIE.
12. To improve transparency, the OIE has set up, in consultation with the competent
national authorities, a verification procedure for non-official information from various
sources on the existence of disease outbreaks that have not yet been notified to the
OIE.
13. In order to encourage OIE Members to share their experience in developing and
testing their contingency plans for major animal diseases, a section entitled
Information on Disease Emergency Preparedness contains information on national
contingency plans and on disease introduction simulation exercises provided by OIE
Members.
1-B-4
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
CHAPTER 2
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS ANIMAL
DISEASES
0201. General Information - Recommendations
1.
The following information and recommendation are applicable for the
majority of the diseases and will reduce the danger of transmitting Foot and Mouth
Disease and other infectious animal diseases from country to country.
2.
Presentation – Analysis of danger elements
a.
General Elements of danger
(1)
Probable territories of virus origin.
As they are notified by OIE along with the relevant inputs and
data provided by the Preventive Medicine Deprtment, acting in every
single mission.
(2)
Probable sources of virus origin in decline order.
(a)
Living animals
(b)
Edible or non-edible parts of animals.
(c)
Meat with bones.
(d)
Milk and dairy products.
(e)
Meat without bones.
(f)
Chase meat.
(g)
Hides (moist, crude)
(h)
Other products of animal origin.
(i)
Hunting trophies.
(j)
Arthropods vectors such as ticks, mosquitoes, sandflies,
fleas lice.
(3)
Vehicles
(a)
Trucks
2-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(b)
Passenger
(c)
Personnel
(d)
All kind of military equipment, including containers,
tents, field kitchen and more particularly, all equipment
entering in contact with ground, should be considered. The
main risk is to carry pathogens with dry mud or organic matter
stitched to different surfaces. Only a thin layer of dust should be
accepted on the equipment coming back to the home country.
(4)
(5)
Periods of time with great danger
(a)
Vacations period
(b)
Returning of immigrant workers.
(c)
Periods of religious celebration.
(d)
Periods of peripheral conflicts and war.
Probable routs and means of invasion
(a)
Points of illegal trespassing in the territorial borders
(illegal immigrants)
(b)
Ferry boats and other ships
(c)
Ports (particular via disposal of kitchen food wastes of
ships and feeding to animal in particular to pigs).
(d)
Tracks (particular via drivers’ food, clothes and
objects).
(e)
Airports via waste of airplanes catering and luggage of
passengers returning from countries of high risk.
(6)
Chain of contamination in the country of destination
(a)
Direct or indirect contact of infected animals with
healthy ones
(b)
Direct or indirect contact of animal products originated
from infected animals with healthy ones.
(c)
Rubbish buckets along national roads.
(d)
Contaminated vehicles.
2-2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
b.
(e)
Contaminated clothes and objects.
(f)
By air transport.
Special elements of danger.
(1)
risk.
Shipment of foods as humanitarian help from countries of high
(2)
Supplies of multinational armies.
(3)
Armed forces transportation, army vehicles via borders.
(4)
Transit transportation of animal products via borders without
veterinary inspection particularly from countries of high risk.
(5)
3.
Illegal trade of animal foods.
Recommendations
a.
Close cooperation between the veterinary Service of the multinational
Force and the Veterinary authorities of the countries from which military
personnel and supplies are passing through.
b.
Strict enforcement of veterinary control procedures at the points of
entering or exiting of personnel, supplies, humanitarian help, e.t.c from all the
countries from which they go trough.
c.
Information of the military personnel and the catering companies
about the danger of spreading animal diseases from one country to another,
with informative documents, like the ANNEXES A and B, modified in case
that is necessary.
0202. Disinfection and Disinsectisation-General Recommendations
1.
The choice of disinfectants and procedures for disinfection should be made
taking into account the causal agents of infection and the nature of the premises,
vehicles and objects which are to be treated.
2.
Disinfectants and insecticides should be used only if their use has been
authorized by the Veterinary Authority, responsible at the arriving/departing area of
the host country.
3.
The following should be considered:
a.
Few universal disinfectants exist.
2-3
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
b.
Whereas hypochlorite, which is very often used, may be regarded as a
universal disinfectant, its effectiveness is diminished by prolonged storage and
it is therefore necessary to check its activity before use. A concentration of
0.5% active chlorine appears necessary for satisfactory disinfection.
Additionally, hypochlorite is only efficient on clean surfaces and thus a
washing operation is required before it is applied.
c.
Foot and mouth disease virus is easily destroyed by a high or low pH
but the disinfectants used may be caustic or corrosive in concentrated form;
d.
Tuberculosis bacillus is very resistant to disinfectants and a high
concentration is required to destroy the organism, as well as prolonged action;
e.
No matter what substances are used, disinfection techniques should
comprise the following:
(1)
Thorough soaking of bedding and litter as well as faecal matter
with the disinfectant;
(2)
Washing and cleaning by careful brushing and scrubbing of the
ground, floors and walls;
(3)
Further washing with the disinfectant;
(4)
Washing and disinfecting the exterior of vehicles. These
procedures should be carried out if possible, with liquids applied under
pressure. Washing, disinfecting or destroying of articles used for tying
up the animals (ropes, reins, etc.) should not be omitted, in case that
Military Working Animals are deployed.
e.
Special care should be given in rodent control, using methods and
substances according to the current edition of AMedP-3. It is
underlined, that rodents can be easily carried in the containers used by
the forces.
2-4
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ANNEX A
GUIDELINES FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL
ATTENTION - DANGER
YOU MAY BE CARRYING, DUE ΤΟ IGNORANCE OR NEGLIGENCE, FΟΟΤ- AND
MOUTH DISEASE AND OTHER ANIMAL DISEASES WHICH CAN INFECT
LIVESTOCK IN THIS COUNTRY OR IN THE COUNTRY OF YOUR FINAL
DESTINATION.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease and other animal diseases are not transmitted to humans, but are
highly infectious viral animal diseases, capable of causing huge financial losses to a country if
its livestock population becomes infected.
You have possibly come from a country which is not free from the above diseases and you
are entering a country which, at a great cost and effort, has eradicated these diseases.
Foot-and-Μουth Disease and others, are transmitted mainly by infected animals but, also, bγ
MEAT, MEAT PRODUCTS, MILK & DΑΙRΥ PRODUCTS, HIDES, SKINS, GAME
TROPHIES CLOTHES & SHOES and OBJECTS originating from an infected area.
You are encouraged to seek advice from the Border Veterinarian / Customs Officer
a. In case you are carrying in your luggage products of animal origin intended either for
your personal consumption during the trip, or as gifts, or for trade.
or
b. If yοu have visited, during the last twο weeks, a farm with cattle, sheep, goats or pigs
either in the country you originated from οr in the country (-ies) you have traveled through.
If you have indeed visited an animal farm, you should disinfect your clothes and shoes and
refrain from visiting any farm in the cοuηtry of your final or subsequent destination for at
least one week.
In addition, you are advised to observe strictly the following principles:
a. Never feed animals, and in particular pigs, with waste food during yουr trip.
b. Waste food must be placed in plastic bugs and discarded in especially designed
hermetically closing bins.
Thank you for your understanding and cooperation.
Figure A-1. Guidelines for Military Personnel in Leaflet Form.
2-A-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ANNEX B
GUIDELINES TO AIRLINES, SHIPPING AND CATERING
COMPANIES ETC.
ATTENTION - DANGER !
YOU MAY BE CONTRIBUTING, DUE ΤΟ IGNORANCE OR NEGLIGENCE, ΤΟ
THE SPREAD OF FΟΟΤ- AND MOUTH DISEASE OR OTHER ANIMAL
DISEASES WHICH MAY INFECT LIVESTOCK IN THIS COUNTRY.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease and other animal diseases are not transmitted to humans, but
are highly infectious diseases of animals capable of causing huge financial losses to a
country, if its livestock population becomes infected.
Your Company is connected with scheduled / special shuttle routes with [Country],
which is free from the above diseases, with countries where the diseases is endemic.
The animal diseases are transmitted mainly by infected animals but, also, by MEAT,
MEAT PRODUCTS, ΜΙLΚ & DAIRY PRODUCTS, HIDES, SKINS and GAME
TROPHIES originated in an infected area.
With a view to reduce the risk of introducing these diseases into [Country], you are
kindly requested to observe the following standard precautionary measures.
Process, by heat treatment at 100° C for 20 min., all kitchen food wastes of your
Ship/Airplane immediately after arrival.
Never dispose kitchen food wastes of your Ships, Airplanes by using them as
food for animals, and in particular to pigs.
Advise and cooperate with the Local Veterinarian Authorities for safe disposal of
your kitchen food wastes.
Thank you for your understanding and cooperation.
Figure B-1. Guidelines to Airlines, Shipping and Catering Companies etc. in Leaflet Form
2-B-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ANNEX C
ANIMAL DISEASES RESISTANCE TO PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ACTION
1.
Disease
Vesicular Stomatitis
PH
Stable between
pH 4.0 and 10.0
Disinfectants
Destroyed by formalin (1%)
Chemicals
Survive
Sensitive to Ether and
other organic solvents
Survives for long periods at
low temperatures
2.
Foot and Mouth
Disease
Inactivated by pH
<6.0 or >9.0
IInactivated by
 sodium hydroxide (2%)
 sodium carbonate (4%)
 citric acid (0.2%).
 Temperatures above 50°C
Resistant to
 Iodophores
 Quaternary
ammonium compounds
 Hypoclorite
 Phenol especially in
the presence of organic
matter
Survives in lymph nodes
and bone marrow at neutral
pH, but destroyed in muscle
when is pH <6.0 i.e. after
rigor mortis. Can persist in
contaminated fodder and
the environment for up to
1 month, depending on the
temperature and pH
conditions
3.
Rinderpest
Stable between
pH 4.0 and 10.0
Susceptible to lipid
solvents
Remains viable for long
periods in chilled or frozen
tissues
4.
Peste des petits
ruminants
Stable between
pH 4.0 and 10.0
 Susceptible
to
most
common
disinfectants (phenol, cresol, sodium
hydroxide 2%/24 hours used at a rate of
1 litre/m2)
Small amounts of virus resist
56°C/60 min or 60°C/30 min
 Susceptible to most disinfectants, e.g.
phenol, sodium hydroxide 2%/24 hours
Some virus may resist 60°C/60 min
Susceptible to alcohol,
ether, detergents
Survives for long periods in
chilled and frozen tissues
5.
Disease
Lumpy skin disease
Disinfectants
PH
Susceptible to
Susceptible to
Chemicals
Susceptible
to
Survive
ether Survives for long periods at
2-C-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
highly alkaline or
acid pH
 phenol (2%/15 min)
 55°C/2 hours, 65°C/30 min
6.
Rift Valley fever
Resistant to
alkaline pH but
inactivated by pH
<6.8

7.
Bluetongue
Sensitive to pH
<6.0 and >8.0



8.
Sheep pox and goat
pox
Susceptible
to  Inactivated by
highly alkaline or  Phenol (2%) in 15 min.
acid pH
Sensitive to detergents, e.g.
 Sodium dodecyl sulphate
Susceptible to 56°C/2 hours 65°C/30 min
9.
Disease
Classical Swine Fever
(hog cholera)
PH
Inactivated by pH
<3.0 or pH >11.0
Inactivated by strong
sodium or calcium
(residual chlorine should
ppm).
 In serum, inactivated by
minutes.
(20%),
chloroform, ambient temperature,
formalin (1%), and some especially in dried scabs
detergents, e.g. sodium
dodecyl sulphate
solutions of Inactivated by ether and Survives in dried discharges
and multiplies in some
hypochlorite chloroform.
arthropod vectors. Can
exceed 5000
survive contact with 0.5%
phenol at 4°C for 6 months
56°C for 120
Inactivated by
Iodophores and phenolic compounds
50°C/3 hours; 60°C/15 minutes
Disinfectants
Inactivated by
 cresol
 sodium hydroxide (2%)
Inactivated by
ί-propiolactone
Very stable in the presence
of protein (e.g. has survived
for years in blood stored at
20°C)
Sensitive to ether (20%), Can survive for many years
chloroform, and formalin in dried scabs at ambient
(1%)
temperatures. Virus remains
viable in wool for 2 months
and in premises for as long
as 6 months.
Chemicals
Susceptible
Survive
Survives well in cold
conditions and can survive
some forms of meat
2-C-2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26





processing (curing and
smoking)
formalin (1%)
sodium carbonate (4% anhydrous or
10% crystalline, with 0.1% detergent)
ionic andd non-ionic detergents
strong iodophors (1%) in phosphoric
acid
Partially resistant to moderate heat
(56°C)
10.
Highly pathogenic
avian influenza
Inactivated by
acid pH
Inactivated by
Formalin and iodine compounds
 56°C/3 hours
 60°C/30 min
Inactivated by oxidizing Remains viable for long
agents, sodium dodecyl periods in tissues, faeces
sulphate, lipid solvents, ί- and also in water
propiolactone
11.
Newcastle disease
Inactivated by
acid pH
Inactivated by
 formalin and phenol
 56°C/3 hours
 60°C/30 min
Ether sensitive
Survives for long periods at
ambient temperature,
especially in faeces
2-C-3
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ANNEX D
DESTRUCTION OF CAUSATIVE AGENT OF FOOT AND
MOUTH DISEASE
1.
Meat
Procedures for inactivating viruses present in meat :
a.
Canning
Meat is subjected to heat treatment in a hermetically sealed container
to reach an internal core temperature of at least 70°C for a minimum of
30 minutes or to any equivalent treatment which has been demonstrated to
inactivate the FMD virus.
b.
Thorough cooking
Meat, previously deboned and defatted, shall be subjected to heating so
that an internal temperature of 70°C or greater is maintained for a minimum of
30 minutes. After cooking, it shall be packed and handled in such a way that it
cannot be exposed to a source of virus.
c.
Drying after salting
When rigor mortis is complete, the meat must be deboned, salted with
cooking salt (NaCl) and completely dried. It must not deteriorate at ambient
temperature. “Drying” is defined in terms of the ratio between water and
protein which must not be greater than 2.25:1.
2.
Animal Products for Industrial Use
For the inactivation of viruses present in animal products for industrial use,
one of the following procedures should be used:
a.
Wool and hair
(1)
Industrial washing, which consists of the immersion of the
wool in a series of baths of water, soap and sodium hydroxyde (soda)
or potassium hydroxyde (potash).
(2)
Chemical depilation by means of slaked lime or sodium
sulphide.
(3)
Fumigation in formaldehyde in a hermetically sealed chamber
for at least 24 hours. The most practical method is to place potassium
permanganate in containers (which must NOT be made of plastic or
2-D-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
polyethylene) and add commercial formalin; the amounts of formalin
and potassium permanganate are respectively 53 ml and 35 g per cubic
meter of the chamber.
(4)
Industrial scouring which consists of the immersion of wool in
a water-soluble detergent held at 60-70°C.
(5)
Storage of wool at 18°C for 4 weeks, or 4°C for 4 months, or
37°C for 8 days.
b.
Bristles
(1)
Boiling for at least 1 hour.
(2)
Immersion for at least 24 hours in a 1% solution of
formaldehyde prepared from 30 ml commercial formalin per litre of
water.
c.
Raw hides and skins
Salted for at least 28 days in sea salt containing 2% sodium carbonate.
3.
Milk and Cream
For the inactivation of viruses present in milk and cream, one of the following
procedures should be used:
a.
Milk or cream for human consumption
(1)
Ultra-high temperature (UHT) (UHT = minimum temperature
of 132°C for at least 1 second).
(2)
If the milk has a pH less than 7.0, simple high temperature short time pasteurization (HTST).
(3)
b.
If the milk has a pH of 7.0 or over, double HTST.
Milk for animal consumption
(1)
Double HTST ( 72°C for at least 15 seconds).
(2)
HTST combined with another physical treatment, e.g.
maintaining a pH<6 for at least 1 hour or additional heating to at least
72°C combined with desiccation.
(3)
UHT combined with another physical treatment referred to in
paragraph b) above.
2-D-2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
4.
Skins and Trophies from Wild Animals Susceptible to Foot and Mouth
Disease
For the inactivation of viruses present in skins and trophies from wild animals
susceptible to FMD, one of the following processes should be used prior to complete
taxidermal treatment:
a.
Boiling in water for an appropriate time so as to ensure that any matter
other than bone, horns, hooves, claws, antlers or teeth is removed;
b.
Gamma irradiation at a dose of at least 20 kiloGray at room
temperature (20°C or higher);
c.
Soaking, with agitation, in a 4% (w/v) solution of washing soda
(sodium carbonate - Na2CO3) maintained at pH 11.5 or above for at least 48
hours;
d.
Soaking, with agitation, in a formic acid solution (100 kg salt (NaCl)
and 12 kg formic acid per 1,000 litres water) maintained at below pH 3.0 for at
least 48 hours. Wetting and dressing agents may be added;
e.
In the case of raw hides, salting for at least 28 days with sea salt
containing 2% washing soda (sodium carbonate – Na2CO3).
2-D-3
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
CHAPTER 3
OVERVIEW OF TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES
0301. Transmissible Diseases
1.
In ANNEX A there is a concise description of the most transmissible diseases
according to the former OIE list A, amalgamating the official prevention and control
methods, in a simple way in order to be practicable to military personnel.
2.
The diseases described in ANNEX A are the following:
a.
Foot and mouth disease (FMD).
b.
Vesicular stomatitis (VS).
d.
Swine vesicular disease (SVD).
e.
Rinderpest (Rind).
f.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR).
g.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBP).
h.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD).
i.
Rift Valley fever (RVF).
j.
Bluetongue (BLT).
k.
Sheep pox and goat pox (SGPOX).
l.
African horse sickness (AHS).
m.
African swine fever (ASF).
n.
Classical swine fever (CSF).
o.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).
p.
Newcastle disease (NCD).
3-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ANNEX A
OFFICIAL PREVENTION AND CONTROL METHODS OF
MAJOR OIE LISTED TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES (FORMER
OIE LIST A)
1.
Foot and Mouth Disease
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
A virus of the family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus.
Seven immunologically distinct serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2,
SAT3, Asia1.
(2)
b.
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
Temperature: Preserved by refrigeration and
freezing and progressively inactivated by
temperatures above 50°C.
(b)
pH: Inactivated by pH <6.0 or >9.0.
(c)
Disinfectants: Inactivated by sodium hydroxide (2%),
sodium carbonate (4%), and citric acid (0.2%).
Resistant to iodophores, quaternary ammonium
compounds, hypoclorite and phenol, especially in the
presence of organic matter.
(d)
Survival: Survives in lymph nodes and bone marrow
at neutral pH, but destroyed in muscle when is pH
<6.0 i.e. after rigor mortis. Can persist in
contaminated fodder and the environment for up to 1
month, depending on the temperature and pH
conditions.
Epidemiology
(1)
One of the most contagious animal diseases, with important
economic losses.
(2)
Low mortality rate in adult animals, but often high mortality in
young due to myocarditis.
3-A-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(3)
Hosts: Bovidae (cattle, zebus, domestic buffaloes, yaks), sheep,
goats, swine, all wild ruminants and suidae. Camelidae (camels,
dromedaries, llamas, vicunas) have low susceptibility.
(4)
Transmission
(a)
Direct or indirect contact (droplets).
(b)
Animate vectors (humans, etc.).
(c)
Inanimate vectors (vehicles, implements).
(d)
Airborne, especially temperate zones (up to 60 km
overland and 300 km by sea).
(5)
Sources of virus
(a)
Incubating and clinically affected animals.
(b)
Breath, saliva, faeces, and urine; milk and semen (up to
4 days before clinical signs).
(c)
6.0.
Meat and by-products in which pH has remained above
(d)
Carriers: particularly cattle and water buffalo;
convalescent animals and exposed vaccinates (virus persists in
the oropharynx for up to 30 months in cattle or longer in
buffalo, 9 months in sheep). African Cape buffalo are the major
maintenance host of SAT serotypes.
(6)
Occurrence
FMD is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and
South America (sporadic outbreaks in free areas).
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is 2-14 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Cattle
i.
Pyrexia, anorexia, shivering, reduction in milk
production for 2-3 days, then smacking of the lips,
3-A-2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
grinding of the teeth, drooling, lameness, stamping or
kicking of the feet: caused by vesicles (aphthae) on
buccal and nasal mucous membranes and/or between
the claws and coronary band.
ii.
After 24 hours: rupture of vesicles leaving
erosions.
iii.
Vesicles can also occur on the mammary glands.
iv.
Recovery generally occurs within 8-15 days.
v.
Complications: tongue erosions, superinfection
of lesions, hoof deformation, mastitis and permanent
impairment of milk production, myocarditis, abortion,
death of young animals, permanent loss of weight, loss
of heat control.
(b)
Sheep and goats
Lesions are less pronounced. Foot lesions may go
unrecognized. Lesions in dental pad of sheep. Agalactia in
milking sheep and goats is a feature. Death of young stock.
(c)
Pigs
May develop severe foot lesions particularly when
housed on concrete. High mortality in piglets a frequent
occurrence.
d.
Lesions
(1)
Vesicles or blisters on the tongue, dental pad, gums, cheek,
hard and soft palate, lips, nostrils, muzzle, coronary bands, teats, udder,
snout of pigs, corium of dewclaws and interdigital spaces.
(2)
Post-mortem lesions on rumen pillars, in the myocardium,
particularly of young animals (tiger heart).
e.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Clinically indistinguishable:
(a)
Vesicular stomatitis.
(b)
Swine vesicular disease.
(c)
Vesicular exanthema of swine.
3-A-3
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(2)
f.
Other differential diagnosis:
(a)
Rinderpest.
(b)
Mucosal disease.
(c)
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.
(d)
Bluetongue.
(e)
Bovine mammillitis.
(f)
Bovine papular stomatitis.
(g)
Bovine viral diarrhea.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
ELISA.
ii.
Complement fixation test.
iii.
Virus isolation: inoculation of primary bovine
thyroid cells and primary pig, calf and lamb kidney
cells; inoculation of BHK-21 and IB-RS-2 cell lines;
inoculation of mice.
(b)
(2)
Serological tests
i.
ELISA.
ii.
Virus neutralization test.
Samples
(a)
1 gr of tissue from an unruptured or recently ruptured
vesicle. Epithelial samples should be placed in a transport
medium which maintains a pH of 7.2-7.4 and kept cool.
(b)
Esophageal-pharyngeal fluid collected by means of a
probang cup Probang samples should be frozen to below -40°C
immediately after collection.
3-A-4
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(3)
Special precautions are required when sending perishable
suspect FMD material within and between countries.
g.
Prevention And Control
(1)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
Protection of free zones by border animal movement
control and surveillance.
(b)
Slaughter of infected, recovered, and FMD-susceptible
contact animals.
(c)
Disinfection of premises and all infected material
(implements, cars, clothes, etc.).
(d)
Destruction of cadavers, litter, and susceptible animal
products in the infected area.
(e)
(2)
Quarantine measures.
Medical prophylaxis
(a)
Inactivated virus vaccine containing an adjuvant.
(b)
Immunity: 6 months after two initial vaccinations, 1month apart, depending on the antigenic relationship between
vaccine and outbreak strains.
3-A-5
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
2.
Vesicular stomatitis
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus family Rhabdoviridae, genus Vesiculovirus. Major
serotypes: New Jersey, Indiana
(2)
b.
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
Temperature: Inactivated by 58°C for 30 min.
(b)
pH:Stable between pH 4.0 and 10.0.
(c)
Chemicals:Ether and other organic solvents sensitive.
(d)
Disinfectants: Destroyed by formalin (1%).
(e)
Survival:Survives for long periods at low temperatures.
Epidemiology
(1)
Morbidity rate variable, up to 90% in a herd.
(2)
Low mortality rate.
(3)
Hosts
(a)
Human (minor zoonosis).
(b)
Domestic hosts: equidae, bovidae, suidae.
(c)
Wild hosts: white-tailed deer and numerous species of
small mammals in the tropics.
(4)
Transmission
(a)
Contamination by transcutaneous or transmucosal route.
(b)
Arthropod transmission (Phlebotomus, Aedes, etc.).
(5)
Seasonal variations: VS is more frequent in the rainy season in
tropical areas, although in some countries is also registered
(6)
during the dry season. Generally disappears at the first frosts in
temperate zones.
3-A-6
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(7)
(8)
Sources of virus
(a)
Saliva, exudates or epithelium of open vesicles.
(b)
Vectors.
(c)
Soil and plants (suspected).
Occurrence
The disease is limited to the Americas. (It was described in
horses in France in 1915 and 1917, and in South Africa in 1886 and
1887.).
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is up to 21 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
The symptomatology is similar to that of foot and mouth
disease (FMD), with which it can easily be confused (but horses are
resistant to FMD and susceptible to VS):
i.
Excessive salivation.
ii.
Blanched raised or broken vesicles of various sizes in
the mouth:
aa.
Horses: Upper surface of the tongue, surface of
the lips and around nostrils, corners of the mouth and
the gums.
ab.
Cattle: Tongue, lips, gums, hard palate, and
sometimes muzzle and around the nostrils.
ac.
Pigs: Snout.
iii.
Lesions involving feet of horses and cattle are not
exceptional.
iv.
Teat lesions occur in dairy herds.
v.
Foot lesions and lameness are frequent in pigs.
vi.
Recovery in around 2 weeks.
3-A-7
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
vii.
Complication: loss of production and mastitis in dairy
herds due to secondary infections, lameness in horses.
d.
Lesions
Limited to the epithelial tissues of the mouth, teats and feet.
e.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Clinically indistinguishable:
(a) Foot and mouth disease.
(b) Swine vesicular disease.
(c) Vesicular exanthema of swine.
(2)
f.
Other differential diagnosis:
(a)
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.
(b)
Bovine viral diarrhea.
(c)
Bluetongue.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Virus isolation: inoculation into embryonated
chicken eggs; mice; tissue culture systems (chick
fibroblasts, pig kidney, BHK-21, Vero); footpad of
guinea pigs; horses and cattle; snout of pigs.
ii.
Viral antigen detection by complement fixation
test, ELISA or neutralization tests in tissue culture,
embryonated chicken eggs, or suckling mice.
(b)
Serological tests
i.
Virus neutralization.
ii.
ELISA.
iii.
Complement fixation.
3-A-8
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(2)
Samples
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Epithelial tissue covering the vesicles placed in
buffered glycerol or frozen.
ii.
(b)
Vesicular fluid aseptically collected and frozen.
Serological tests
Paired acute and convalescent serum samples.
(c)
NB!! Serum antibodies reach high levels but reinfection
may occur. As for FMD special precautions are required when
sending perishable suspect VS material within and between
countries.
g.
Prevention and Control
No specific treatment. Antibiotics may avoid secondary
(1)
infection of abraded tissues.
(2)
Sanitary prophylaxis
Animal movement should be restricted and a laboratory
diagnosis must be performed rapidly.Trucks and fomites should be
disinfected.
(3)
Medical prophylaxis
Inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines have been
experimentally tested, but are not yet available commercially.NB!!
Differentiation from FMD is very important.
3-A-9
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
3.
Swine vesicular disease
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus.
(2)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
Temperature:Preserved by refrigeration and freezing,
inactivated by 56°C/1 hour.
(b)
pH: Stable over a wide range of pH.
(c)
Disinfectants: In the presence of organic matter,
inactivated by sodium hydroxide (1% combined with
detergent). For personal disinfection in the absence of gross
organic matter, disinfectants, such as oxidizing agents,
iodophores, acids etc., are suitable if combined with detergent.
(d)
Survival: Resistant to fermentation and smoking
processes. May remain in hams for 180 days, dried sausages for
>1 year, and in processed intestinal casings for >2 years.
b.
Epidemiology
(1) Morbidity rate in herds may be low but high in groups of pigs (in
pens).
(2)
Does not cause death.
(3)
Hosts:
(4)
(a)
Pigs.
(b)
Humans: laboratory personnel may seroconvert.
Transmission
(a)
Virus readily infects via lesions in skin and mucosa.
Direct contact or contact with excretions from infected pigs.
Faecal contamination is a major source of virus spread, often
within contaminated vehicles.
(b)
Meat scraps and swill derived from infected pigs
3 - A - 10
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(5)
Virulent material
(a)
Intestinal tract is the primary site of infection.
(b)
All tissues contain virus during the viraemic period.
(c)
Epithelium from vesicles, vesicular fluid, faeces, and
blood of sick animals.
(6)
Occurrence
The disease has been recorded in Hong Kong, Japan and several
European countries.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is 2-7 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
The clinical signs of SVD may easily be confused with those of
Foot and mouth disease (FMD):
(a) Sudden appearance of lameness in several animals in a
group in close contact.
(b) Elevation of body temperature by 2-4°C.
(c) On hard surfaces, animals may be observed to limp, stand
with arched back, or refuse to move even in the presence of
food. Young animals are more severely affected.
(d) Vesicles occur on the snout and along the coronary band
and interdigital spaces of the feet, and rarely on the epithelium
of the buccal cavity, the tongue and the teats.
(e) Vesicle rupture results in erosions on the skin of the limbs
and the coronary bands of the feet. Footpads may be loosened.
Pigs, particularly young stock, may lose the horny hoof .
(f) Recovery occurs usually within 1 week, with a maximum
of 3 weeks.
(g) Some strains produce only mild clinical signs or are
asymptomatic.
d.
Lesions
3 - A - 11
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
Vesicle formation is the only known lesion directly attributable to the
infection.
e.
f.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Vesicular stomatitis.
(2)
Vesicular exanthema of swine.
(3)
Foot and mouth disease.
(4)
Laboratory confirmation is necessary.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
(b)
(2)
Identification of the agent
i.
ELISA.
ii.
Direct complement fixation test.
iii.
Cell-culture isolation (pig-derived cell cultures).
Serological tests
i.
Virus neutralization.
ii.
ELISA.
Samples
Although the virus is very stable, samples must be submitted
under the same conditions as those suspected to contain FMD virus, i.e.
at pH 7.2-7.4.
(3)
Virus isolation
(a)
Vesicular fluid.
(b)
Epithelium from vesicles: at least 1 g in PBS containing
glycerin 50% (pH 7.2-7.4).
(c)
Unclotted whole blood samples, collected during the
febrile period.
(d)
Faecal samples from animals with and without lesions.
3 - A - 12
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(4)
Serological tests
(a)
Serum samples (1-2 ml).
(b)
Also collect serum from other pigs on the premises to
test for evidence of subclinical disease.
(5)
NB!!As for FMD, special precautions are required when
sending perishable suspect SVD material within and between countries.
g.
Prevention and Control
(1)
No treatment.
(2)
No vaccination.
(3)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
Strict quarantine.
(b)
Elimination of infected and contact pigs.
(c)
Prohibition of feeding with ship or aircraft garbage.
(d)
Thorough cooking of garbage.
(f)
Control of movement of pigs and vehicles used for
transporting pigs.
(g)
Thorough disinfection of premises, transport vehicles,
and equipment.
(4)
Medical prophylaxis
Laboratory workers should observe the same caution that
applies to any microbiologically contaminated material that may have
the potential to cause human infection.
3 - A - 13
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
4.
Rinderpest
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus.
(2)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
Temperature: Small
56°C/60 min or 60°C/30 min.
amounts
of
(b)
pH: Stable between pH 4.0 and 10.0.
(c)
Chemicals: Susceptible to lipid solvents.
virus
resist
(d)
Disinfectants: Susceptible
to
most
common
disinfectants (phenol, cresol, sodium hydroxide 2%/24 hours
used at a rate of 1 litre/m2).
(e)
Survival: Remains viable for long periods in chilled or
frozen tissues.
b.
Epidemiology
(1)
High morbidity rate, mortality rate is high with virulent strains
but variable with mild strains
(3)
Hosts
(a)
Cattle, zebus, water buffaloes and many species of wild
animals: African buffaloes, eland, kudu, wilde-beest, various
antelopes, bushpigs, warthog, giraffes, etc.
(b)
Sheep, goats are susceptible.
(c)
Asian pigs seem more susceptible than African and
European pigs.
(4)
(d)
Rinderpest is rare among camelidae.
(e)
No age- or sex-linked predisposition.
Transmission
By direct or close indirect contacts.
3 - A - 14
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(5)
Sources of virus
(a)
Shedding of virus begins 1-2 days before pyrexia in
tears, nasal secretions, saliva, urine and faeces.
(b)
Blood and all tissues are infectious before the
appearance of clinical signs.
(c)
Infection is via the epithelium of the upper or lower
respiratory tract.
(d)
(6)
No carrier state.
Occurrence
The virus has never established itself in the Americas or
Australia/New Zealand. Its distribution in other parts of the world is
restricted. In Africa it has been eradicated from several countries and
sub-regions, and is normally absent from the northern and southern
parts of the continent. Rinderpest occurs in the Middle East and in
southwestern and central Asia.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is 3-15 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Cattle and big ruminants:
i.
Classic form: four stages
aa.
Incubation period.
ab.
Febrile period (40-42°C), lasting 2-3
days with depression, anorexia, reduction of
rumination, increase of respiratory and cardiac
rate.
ac.
Mucous membrane congestion (oral,
nasal, ocular and genital tract mucosae).
ad.
Intense mucopurulent lachrymation and
abundant salivation.
ae.
Anorexia - necrosis and erosion of the
oral mucosae.
3 - A - 15
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
af.
Gastrointestinal signs appear when the
fever drops: profuse hemorrhagic diarrhea
containing mucus and necrotic debris. Severe
tenesmus. Dehydration, abdominal pain,
abdominal respiration, weakness, recumbence
and death within 8-12 days. In rare cases, clinical
signs regress by day 10 and recovery occurs by
day 20-25.
ii.
Peracute form
No prodromal signs, high fever (>40-42°C),
sometimes congested mucous membranes, and death.
This form occurs in highly susceptible young and
newborn animals.
iii.
Subacute form
Clinical signs limited to one or more of the
classic signs. Low mortality rate.
iv.
Atypical form
Irregular pyrexia and mild or no diarrhea. The
lymphotropic nature of rinderpest virus favors
recrudescence of latent infections and/or increased
susceptibility to other infectious agents.
(b)
(c)
Sheep, goats and pigs
i.
Variable pyrexia and anorexia.
ii.
Inconsistent diarrhea.
Pigs
Pyrexia, prostration, conjunctivitis, erosions of buccal
mucosa, death
q.
Lesions
(1)
Either areas of necrosis and erosions, or congestion and
hemorrhage in the mouth, intestines and upper respiratory tracts.
(2)
Enlarged and edematous lymph nodes.
(3)
White necrotic foci in Pepper’s patches.
3 - A - 16
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
e.
(4)
Zebra striping' in the large intestine.
(5)
Carcass emaciation and dehydration.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
(2)
Cattle
(a)
Foot and mouth disease.
(b)
Bovine viral diarrhea / mucosal disease.
(c)
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.
(d)
Malignant catarrhal fever.
(e)
Vesicular stomatitis.
(f)
Salmonellosis.
(g)
Necrobacillosis.
(e)
Paratuberculosis.
(f)
Arsenic poisoning.
Small ruminants
Peste des petits ruminants
f.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Antigen detection
aa.
Agar gel immunodiffusion test.
ab.
tests.
Direct and indirect immunoperoxidase
ac.
Counter immunoelectrophoresis.
ad.
Immunohistopathology.
3 - A - 17
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ii.
Virus isolation and identification
aa.
Virus isolation.
ab.
Virus neutralization.
ac.
Immunoperoxidase staining.
ad.
VERO or bovine kidney cell cultures.
iii.
Virus RNA detection
aa.
Rinderpest-specific cDNA probes.
ab.
Amplification
reaction (PCR).
(b)
(2)
by
polymerase
chain
Serological tests
i.
ELISA.
ii.
Virus neutralization.
Samples
Sterile whole blood preserved in heparin (10 IU/ml) or
(a)
EDTA (0.5 mg/ml) and transferred to laboratory on ice (but not
frozen).
(b)
Spleen, prescapular or mesenteric lymph nodes of dead
animals chilled to sub-zero temperatures.
(c)
Ocular and nasal secretions of infected animals during
either the prodromal or the erosive phase.
g.
Prevention And Control
(1)
No treatment.
(2)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
Isolation or slaughtering of sick and in-contact animals.
(b)
Destruction of cadavers.
(c)
Disinfection.
3 - A - 18
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(d)
(3)
Protection of free zones.
Medical prophylaxis
(a)
Cell-culture attenuated virus vaccines are highly
effective.
(b)
The commonly used vaccine is an attenuated strain of
rinderpest
virus.
In
some
countries
a
mixed
rinderpest/contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccine is used
Immunity lasts at least 5 years and is probably life-long. Annual
revaccination is recommended in order to obtain a high
percentage of immunized animals in an area Genetically
engineered thermostable recombinant vaccines are currently
undergoing limited field trials.
3 - A - 19
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
5.
Peste des petits ruminants
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus family Paramyxoviridae, genus
Antigenically close to rinderpest virus.
(2)
Morbillivirus.
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
Temperature:Some virus may resist 60°C/60 min.
(b)
pH: Stable between pH 4.0 and 10.0.
(c)
Chemicals: Susceptible to alcohol, ether, detergents.
(d)
Disinfectants: Susceptible to most disinfectants, e.g.
phenol, sodium hydroxide 2%/24 hours.
(e)
Survival: Survives for long periods in chilled and
frozen tissues.
b.
Epidemiology
(1)
Morbidity rate 90% (susceptible population).
(2)
Mortality rate 50-80% (susceptible population).
(3)
Hosts
(a)
Sheep and especially goats. To date diagnosed only in
captive wild ungulates from families of Gazellinae (dorcas
gazelle), Caprinae (Nubian ibex and Laristan sheep) and
Hippotraginae (gemsbok).
(b)
Experimentally the American white-tailed
(Odocoileus virginianus) is fully susceptible.
deer
(c)
Cattle and pigs develop unapparent infections •Breedlinked predisposition in goats.
(4)
Transmission
(a)
Direct contact between animals.
(b)
No carrier state.
(c)
Seasonal variations: more frequent outbreaks during the
rainy season or the dry cold season.
3 - A - 20
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(5)
Sources of virus
Tears, nasal discharge, coughed secretions, and all secretions
and excretions of incubating and sick animals.
(6)
Occurrence
PPR occurs in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East
and India.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is 3-10 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Acute form
Sudden rise in body temperature (40-41°C) with
i.
effects on the general state: restlessness, dull coat, dry
muzzle, depression of appetite.
ii.
Serous nasal discharge becoming mucopurulent
and resulting, at times, in a profuse catarrhal exudate
which crusts over and occludes the nostrils. Respiratory
distress.
iii.
Small areas of necrosis on the visible nasal
mucous membrane.
iv.
Congestion of conjunctiva, crusting on the
medial canthus and sometimes profuse catarrhal
conjunctivitis.
v.
Necrotic stomatitis with halitosis is common.
vi.
Severe non-hemorrhagic diarrhea.
vii.
Bronchopneumonia evidenced by coughing is a
common feature.
viii.
Abortion.
ix.
Dehydration,
emaciation,
hypothermia and death within 5-10 days.
(b)
dyspnoea,
Peracute form
Frequent in goats
3 - A - 21
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(c)
Subacute and chronic forms
i.
Frequent in some areas because of local breed
susceptibility.
ii.
10-15 days development with inconsistent
symptoms.
iii.
d.
Pneumopathy.
Lesions
(1)
Emaciation, conjunctivitis, erosive stomatitis involving the
inside of the lower lips and adjacent gum near the commisures and the
free portion of the tongue.
(2)
Lesions on the hard palate, pharynx and upper third of the
esophagus in severe cases.
(3)
Rumen, reticulum and omasum rarely have lesions.
(4)
Small streaks of hemorrhages and sometimes erosions: in the
first portion of the duodenum and the terminal ileum.
(5)
Extensive necrosis and sometimes severe ulceration of Peyer's
patches.
(6)
Congestion around the ileo-caecal valve, at the caeco-colic
junction and in the rectum. 'Zebra stripes' of congestion in the posterior
part of the colon.
(7)
Small erosions and petechiae on the nasal mucosa, turbinates,
larynx and trachea. (8)Bronchopneumonia is a constant lesion.
(9)
Possibility of pleuritis and hydrothorax.
(10)
Congestion and enlargement of spleen.
(11) Congestion, enlargement and edema of most of the lymph
nodes.
(12)
e.
Erosive vulvovaginitis may exist.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Rinderpest.
(2)
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia .
3 - A - 22
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
f.
(3)
Bluetongue.
(4)
Pasteurellosis.
(5)
Contagious ecthyma.
(6)
Foot and mouth disease.
(7)
Heartworm.
(8)
Coccidiosis.
(9)
Mineral poisoning.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
ii.
Antigen detection
aa.
Agar gel immunodiffusion.
ab.
Counter immunoelectrophoresis.
ac.
Indirect fluorescent antibody test.
ad.
ELISA.
ae.
Immunohistopathology.
Virus isolation and identification
aa.
In primary lamb kidney cells or VERO
cell line.
ab.
Virus neutralization.
ac.
Electron microscopy.
ad.
Virus RNA detection.
ae.
PPR-specific cDNA probes.
af.
Amplification
reaction (PCR).
by
polymerase
chain
3 - A - 23
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(b)
(2)
Serological tests
i.
Virus neutralization.
ii.
Competitive ELISA.
iii.
Counter immunoelectrophoresis.
iv.
Agar gel immunodiffusion.
v.
Immunodiffusion inhibition test.
Samples
Swabs of the conjunctival discharges and from the
(a)
nasal, buccal and rectal mucosae.
(b)
Whole blood collected on
anticoagulant should be mixed gently).
heparin
(blood
and
(c)
Lymph nodes, especially the mesenteric and bronchial
nodes.
g.
(d)
Spleen.
(e)
Large intestine and lungs.
(f)
Samples should be transported under refrigeration.
Prevention and Control
(1)
No specific treatment.
(2)
Antibiotics may prevent secondary pulmonary infections
(oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline).
(3)
Sanitary prophylaxis
Recommended when the disease appears in previously PPRfree countries (see Rinderpest).
(4)
Medical prophylaxis
(a)
Rinderpest vaccine is commonly used.
(b)
A homologous PPR vaccine is also available and is
preferable, to avoid confusion when retrospective serological
surveys are done.
3 - A - 24
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(c)
Both vaccines give strong immunity.
(d)
Genetically engineered recombinant vaccines are
currently undergoing limited field trials.
3 - A - 25
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
6.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (bovine biotype).
Mycoplasmas are microorganisms deprived of cell walls and are,
therefore, pleomorphic and resistant to antibiotics of the beta-lactamine
group, such as penicillin.Growth of the mycoplasma is relatively
fastidious and requires special media rich in cholesterol (addition of
serum).There is only one antigenic type
(2)
Resistance in the environment and to chemicals
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (SC) is not
(a)
resistant in the environment and transmission requires close
contact
(b)
Temperature: In saline solution - susceptible to
45°C/120 min and/or 47°C/2 min In lymph - susceptible to
45°C/240 min and/or 60°C/2 min.
(c)
pH: It is inactivated by acid and alkaline pH.
(d)
Chemicals: Susceptible to ether, mercuric chloride
(0.01%), calcium hydroxide, phenol (1%/3 min), and
formaldehyde solution (0.5%/30 seconds).
(e)
b.
Survival: Survives well in frozen tissues.
Epidemiology
(1)
Hosts
Cattle (Bos taurus), zebu (Bos indicus) and water buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis). Wild bovines and camels are resistant.
(2)
Transmission
(a)
Aerial, mostly by direct contact: droplets emitted by
coughing animals, saliva, and urine. Transmission up to several
kilometers has been suspected under favorable climatic
conditions.
(b)
Transplacental infection can occur.
(c)
Unapparent carriers are a major source of infection.
3 - A - 26
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(d)
Cattle movement is important in the spread of the
disease.
(3)
Virulent material
Lungs, pleuropneumonia lymph and possibly brain, liver,
kidneys, lymph nodes, uterus, fetus and fetal membranes, and urine.
(4)
Occurrence
CBPP is widespread in Africa and it is also present in other
regions of the world, including southern Europe, the Middle East and
parts of Asia. In Africa, its economic importance is particularly high in
Sahelian and Sahelo-Sudanese countries.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is 1-3 months (sometimes longer).
(2)
During an outbreak of natural disease, only 33% of animals
present symptoms (hyperacute or acute forms), 46% are infected but
have no symptoms (subclinical forms) and 21% seem to be resistant.
(3)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
In adults
i.
Moderate fever with respiratory, pulmonary and
pleuretic symptoms: polypnoea, characteristic attitude
(elbows turned out, arched back, head extended), cough
(at first dry, slight, and not fitful, becoming moist).
ii.
When the animal gets up or after exercise,
breathing becomes labored and grunting can be heard.
iii.
At percussion, dull sounds can be noticed in the
low areas of the thorax.
(b)
In calves
i.
Pulmonary tropism is not the general rule, and
infected calves present arthritis with swelling of the
joints.
ii.
Co-existence of pulmonary symptoms in adults
and arthritis in young animals should alert the clinician
to a diagnosis of CBPP.
3 - A - 27
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
d.
Lesions
(1)
Important amount of yellow or turbid exudate in the pleural
cavity (up to 30 litres) that coagulates to form large fibrinous clots.
(2)
Fibrinous pleurisy: thickening and inflammation of the pleura
with fibrous deposits.
(3)
Interlobular edema, marbled appearance due to hepatisation and
consolidation at different stages of evolution usually confined to one
lung.
(4)
Sequestrae with fibrous capsule surrounding gray necrotic
tissue in recovered animals.
e.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Acute form
(a)
East Coast fever.
(b)
Acute bovine pasteurellosis.
(c)
Bronchopneumonia and pleuropneumonia resulting
from mixed infections.
(2)
f.
Chronic form
(a)
Hydatid cyst.
(b)
Actinobacillosis and tuberculosis, bovine farcy.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Isolation of pathogen and identification by
metabolic and growth inhibition tests.
(b)
ii.
MF-dot.
iii.
Polymerase chain reaction.
Serological tests
i.
Complement fixation. This test should be used
only at herd level and never for individual diagnosis.
3 - A - 28
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ii.
Competitive ELISA (under validation by
International Atomic Energy Agency and several
reference laboratories), and haemagglutination.
iii.
Agglutination test can be used as penside test in
active outbreaks at the herd level.
(2)
Samples
(a)
Lung lesions, pleural fluids, lymph nodes, lung tissue
exudate - frozen for isolation of the organism.
(b)
g.
Acute and convalescent sera.
Prevention and Control
(1)
No efficient treatment. Antibiotic treatment should be
prohibited.
(2)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
In disease-free areas:
i.
Quarantine.
ii.
Serological tests (complement fixation)
iii.
Slaughtering of all animals of the herd in which
positive animals have been found.
(b)
Control of cattle movements is the most efficient way of
limiting the spread of CBPP.
(3)
Medical prophylaxis
(a)
In infected areas: a CBPP vaccine containing T1 strain
is widely used.
(b)
used.
(4)
A CBPP-rinderpest combined vaccine is sometimes
Surveillance
Recommended Standards for Epidemiological Surveillance for
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia were drawn up by an OIE Ad
hoc Group on 7-9 June 1993. After revision, these standards were
approved by the International Committee during the 63rd General
Session.
3 - A - 29
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
7.
Lumpy skin disease
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus family Poxviridae, genus Capripoxvirus.
(2)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
min.
Temperature: Susceptible to 55°C/2 hours, 65°C/30
(b)
pH: Susceptible to highly alkaline or acid pH.
(c)
Chemicals: Susceptible to ether (20%), chloroform,
formalin (1%), and some detergents, e.g. sodium dodecyl
sulphate.
(d)
Disinfectants: Susceptible to phenol (2%/15 min).
(e)
Survival: Survives for long periods at ambient
temperature, especially in dried scabs.
b.
Epidemiology
(1)
Morbidity rate 5-85%.
(2)
Mortality rate very variable.
(3)
Hosts
(a)
Cattle (Bos taurus, zebus, domestic buffaloes).
(b)
Oryx (Oryx beisa), giraffe (Giraffe camelopardalis) and
impala (Aepyceros melampus) are susceptible to experimental
infection, but the role of wild fauna still has to be clarified. LSD
virus will also replicate in sheep and goats following
inoculation.
(4)
Transmission
Transmission may occur via infected saliva in the absence of an insect
vector. Though no specific vector has been identified to date,
mosquitoes (e.g. Culex mirificens and Aedes natrionus) and flies (e.g.
Stomoxys calcitrans and Biomyia fasciata) could play a major role.
(5)
Sources of virus
3 - A - 30
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(a)
Skin and cutaneous lesions (virus may survive 40 days
in lesions), crusts.
(6)
(b)
Saliva, nasal discharge.
(c)
Milk.
(d)
Semen.
(e)
Muscles.
(f)
Spleen.
(g)
Lymph nodes.
(h)
There is no carrier state.
Occurrence
Until 1988 LSD was confined to sub-Saharan Africa, but then
spread into Egypt. As of 1995, there has been only one laboratory
confirmed outbreak of LSD outside Africa, in Israel in 1989, which
was eliminated by slaughter of all infected and in-contact cattle, and
vaccination.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is approximately 12 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
LSD symptoms range from unapparent to severe
disease.
(b)
Fever (40-41.5°C) either transitory or lasting up to 2
weeks.
(c)
Swellings or nodules of 1-5 cm in diameter and larger,
in the skin. Generalization usually occurs.
(d)
Depression, anorexia, excessive salivation, oculonasal
discharge, agalactia and emaciation.
(e)
Painful nodules, especially in the skin of the muzzle,
nares, back, legs, scrotum, perineum, eyelids, lower ear, nasal
mucosa, oral mucosa and tail. Nodules affect the whole skin,
the subcutaneous tissue and sometimes the musculature. In the
3 - A - 31
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
course of the disease, the nodules may become necrotic and
sometimes deep scabs form (which are called 'sitfast').
(f)
Lameness resulting from inflammation and necrosis of
tendons, and from severe edema of brisket and legs.
(g)
Superficial lymph nodes draining areas of the infected
skin may become enlarged to four-to-ten times their normal
size.
(h)
Complications:
i.
Secondary bacterial infection of teat - lesions
that may lead to severe mastitis and loss of the quarter.
ii.
Secondary bacterial infection of tendon and
joint, which may result in permanent lameness.
iii.
Abortion, intrauterine infection, and temporary
sterility in bulls and cows may occur.
d.
Lesions
(1)
Nodules involving all layers of skin, subcutaneous tissue, and
often adjacent musculature, with congestion, hemorrhage, edema,
vasculitis and necrosis.
(2)
Enlargement of lymph nodes draining affected areas with
lymphoid proliferation, edema, congestion and hemorrhage.
(3)
Pox lesions of mucous membrane of the oral and nasal cavities,
and sometimes the pharynx, epiglottis and trachea.
(4)
Edema and areas of focal lobular atelectasis in lungs.
(5)
Pleuritis with enlargement of the mediastinal lymph nodes in
severe cases.
e.
(6)
Synovitis and tendosynovitis with fibrin in the synovial fluid.
(7)
Pox lesions may be present in the testicles and urinary bladder.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Pseudo lumpy skin disease.
(2)
Bovine herpes mammillitis.
(3)
Dermatophilosis.
3 - A - 32
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
f.
(4)
Ringworm.
(5)
Insect or tick bites.
(6)
Besnoitiosis.
(7)
Rinderpest.
(8)
Demodicosis.
(9)
Hypoderma bovis infection.
(10)
Photosensitisation.
(11)
Bovine papular stomatitis.
(12)
Urticaria.
(13)
Cutaneous tuberculosis.
(14)
Onchocercosis.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Electron microscopy.
ii.
Inoculation of primary cell culture of lamb or
calf testis and:
aa.
Microscopic examination.
ab. Haematoxylin and eosin staining of
intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
(b)
ac.
Direct immunofluorescent staining.
ad.
Virus neutralization.
ae.
ELISA.
Serological tests
i.
Indirect fluorescent antibody test.
3 - A - 33
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(2)
ii.
Virus neutralization.
iii.
ELISA.
Samples
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Skin biopsy from an early lesion:
aa.
A portion is fixed for histopathological
examination.
ab.
A portion dispatched in a transport
medium is used for virus isolation.
ii.
Lesions (even dry crusts) removed from the
skin, subcutis, or oropharynx of dead animals.
(b)
Serological tests
Frozen sera from both acute and convalescent animals.
g.
Prevention and Control
(1)
No specific treatment. Strong antibiotic therapy may avoid
secondary infection.
(2)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
Free countries: survey of importation of livestock,
carcasses, hides, skins and semen.
(b)
Infected countries:
i.
Strict quarantine to avoid introduction of
infected animals in to safe herds.
ii.
In cases of outbreaks, isolation and prohibition
of animal movements.
iii.
Slaughtering of all sick and infected animals (as
far as possible).
iv.
Correct
incineration).
v.
disposal
of
dead
animals
(e.g.
Disinfection of premises and implements.
3 - A - 34
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
vi.
Vector control in premises and on animals.
vii.
With the exception of vaccination, control
measures are usually not effective.
(c)
Vector control in ships and aircraft is highly
recommended.
(3)
Medical prophylaxis
(a)
Homologous attenuated virus vaccine:
i.
Neethling strain: immunity conferred lasts up to
3 years.
(b)
Heterologous attenuated virus vaccine:
i.
Sheep pox vaccine, but may cause local,
sometimes severe, reactions.
ii.
Follow manufacturer's instructions. Not advised
in countries free from sheep and goat pox.
3 - A - 35
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
8.
Rift Valley fever
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus.
(2)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
Temperature: Survives several months at 4°C. In
serum, inactivated by 56°C for 120 minutes.
(b)
<6.8.
pH: Resistant to alkaline pH but inactivated by pH
(c)
Chemicals: Inactivated by ether and chloroform.
(d)
Disinfectants: Inactivated by strong solutions of
sodium or calcium hypochlorite (residual chlorine should
exceed 5000 ppm).
(e)
Survival: Survives in dried discharges and multiplies in
some arthropod vectors. Can survive contact with 0.5% phenol
at 4°C for 6 months.
b.
Epidemiology
(1)
High mortality rate in young animals.
(2)
High abortion rate in ruminants.
(3)
Hosts
(a)
Cattle, sheep, goats, dromedaries, several rodents.
(b)
Wild ruminants, buffaloes, antelopes, wildebeest, etc.
(c)
Humans are very susceptible (major zoonosis).
(d)
African monkeys and domestic carnivores present a
transitory viraemia.
(4)
Transmission
3 - A - 36
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(a)
Haematophagous mosquitoes of many genera (Aedes,
Anopheles, Culex, Eretmapodites, Mansonia, etc.) can transmit
fever as biological, competent vectors. Mosquitoes (Aedes) are
the reservoir host.
(b)
Direct contamination: occurs in humans when handling
infected animals and meat.
(5)
Sources of virus
(a)
For animals: wild fauna and vectors.
(b)
For humans: nasal discharge, blood, vaginal secretions
after abortion in animals, mosquitoes, and infected meat.
Possibly also by aerosols and consumption of raw milk.
(6)
Occurrence
RVF has been recognized exclusively in African countries, with
an underlying association with high rainfall and dense populations of
vector mosquitoes. The only epizootic outbreaks of RVF outside subSaharan Africa were recorded in animals and humans in Egypt in 197778, Mauritania in 1987 and again in Egypt in 1993. Laboratory
infections have been recorded in other parts of the world.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period varies from 1 to 6 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Cattle
i.
Calves: fever (40-41°C), depression. Mortality
rate: 10-70%.
ii.
Adults: fever (40-41°C), excessive salivation,
anorexia, weakness, fetid diarrhoea, fall in milk yield.
Abortion may reach 85% in the herd. Mortality rate is
usually less than 10%.
(b)
Sheep, goats and pigs
Lambs: fever (40-42°C), anorexia, weakness,
i.
and death within 36 hours after inoculation. Mortality
rate: for animals under 1 week of age - up to 90%; for
animals over 1 week of age - up to 20%.
3 - A - 37
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ii.
Adults: fever (40-41°C), mucopurulent nasal
discharge, vomiting; in pregnant ewes, abortion may
reach 100% and mortality may reach 20-30%.
iii.
Unapparent infections are quite frequent in other
species than sheep.
(c)
Humans
i.
Influenza-like syndrome: fever (37.8-40°C),
headache, muscular pain, weakness, nausea and
epigastric discomfort, photophobia. Recovery occurs
within 4-7 days.
ii.
Complications: retinopathy, blindness, meningoencephalitis, hemorrhagic syndrome with jaundice,
petechiae and death.
d.
Lesions
(1)
Focal or generalized hepatic necrosis (white necrotic foci of
about 1 mm in diameter).
(2)
Congestion, enlargement, and discoloration of liver with
subcapsular hemorrhages • Brown-yellowish color of liver in aborted
fetuses.
(3)
Widespread cutaneous hemorrhages, petechial to ecchymotic
hemorrhages on parietal and visceral serosal membranes.
(4)
Enlargement, edema, hemorrhages and necrosis of lymph
nodes.
(5)
Congestion
gallbladder.
e.
and
cortical
(6)
Hemorrhagic enteritis.
(7)
Icterus (low percentage).
hemorrhages
of
kidneys
and
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Bluetongue.
(2)
Wesselsbron disease.
(3)
Enterotoxemia of sheep.
3 - A - 38
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
f.
(4)
Ephemeral fever.
(5)
Brucellosis.
(6)
Vibriosis.
(7)
Trichomonosis.
(8)
Nairobi sheep disease.
(9)
Heartwater.
(10)
Ovine enzootic abortion.
(11)
Towic plants.
(12)
Bacterial septicaemias.
(13)
Rinderpest and Peste des petits ruminants.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Virus isolation:
aa.
Inoculation of mice or hamsters preferred method.
ab.
Inoculation of 1-2-day-old lambs.
ac.
eggs.
Inoculation of embryonated chicken
ad.
Tissue culture inoculation (Vero, CER,
BHK-21, mosquito line cells or primary calf,
lamb and goat kidney and testis cells) in
combination with immunofluorescence.
ii.
Viral
antigen
identification
by
immunofluorescence in cryostat sections or in
impression smears of liver, spleen and brain. Also by
complement fixation and immunodiffusion on tissue
suspensions.
3 - A - 39
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
iii.
Antigen detection in blood: immunodiffusion,
enzyme immunoassay.
(b)
(2)
Serological tests
i.
IgM.
Enyzme-linked immunosorbent assay - IgG and
ii.
Virus neutralization.
iii.
Fluorescent antibody test.
iv.
Haemagglutination inhibition.
v.
Plaque reduction neutralization.
vi.
Complement fixation.
vii.
Immunodiffusion.
Samples
(a)
Heparinised or clotted blood.
(b)
Plasma or serum.
(c)
Tissue samples of liver, spleen, kidney, lymph node,
heart blood and brain from aborted fetus. Specimens should be
submitted preserved in 10% buffered formalin and in
glycerol/saline and transported at 4°C.
g.
Prevention and Control
No specific treatment. Symptomatic treatment in severe human
(1)
cases.
(2)
Sanitary prophylaxis
Hygiene and vector control have had little effect.
(3)
Medical prophylaxis
(a)
Attenuated virus vaccine (Smithburn strain).
i.
One inoculation confers immunity lasting 3
years.
ii.
Residual pathogenicity for pregnant ewes
(abortion).
3 - A - 40
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
iii.
(b)
Pathogenic for humans.
Inactivated - virus vaccine.
Requires two inoculations and annual revaccination.
3 - A - 41
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
9.
Bluetongue
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus. 24 serotypes have
been identified.
(2)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
Temperature:
60°C/15 minutes.
(b)
pH:
(c)
Chemicals:
Inactivated by 50°C/3 hours;
Sensitive to pH <6.0 and >8.0.
Inactivated by ί-propiolactone.
(d)
Disinfectants:
phenolic compounds.
Inactivated by iodophores and
(e)
Survival:
Very stable in the presence of protein
(e.g. has survived for years in blood stored at 20°C).
b.
Epidemiology
Mortality rate normally low in sheep but up to 10% in some
(1)
epizooties.
(2)
Noncontagious.
(3)
Hosts
(a)
Sheep: disease; variation in breed susceptibility.
(b)
Cattle, goats, dromedaries, wild ruminants: generally
inapparent infection.
(4)
Transmission
Biological vectors: Culicoides spp.
(5)
Sources of virus
(a)
Infected Culicoides.
(b)
Blood.
3 - A - 42
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(c)
(6)
Semen.
Occurrence
The virus is present in a broad band of countries extending
approximately between 40°N and 35°S. The bluetongue virus has been
shown by serology to be present in regions where the Culicoides vector
is present (e.g. Africa, the Americas, Australia and some countries of
southern Asia and Oceania). However, clinical disease with
confirmation by virus isolation has been observed in a few countries
only.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is 5-20 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Acute form (sheep and some species of deer).
i.
Pyrexia up to 42°C, depression.
ii.
Inflammation, ulceration, erosion and necrosis
of the mucosae of the mouth.
iii.
Swollen and sometimes cyanotic tongue.
iv.
Lameness due to coronitis or pododermatitis and
myositis.
v.
Abortion.
vi.
Complications of pneumonia.
vii.
Emaciation.
viii.
Either death within 8-10 days or long recovery
with alopecia, sterility and growth delay.
(b)
Unapparent infection
Frequent in cattle and other species (cf. epidemiology).
d.
Lesions
(1)
Congestion, edema, hemorrhages and ulcerations of digestive
and respiratory mucosae (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine,
pituitary mucosa, tracheal mucosa).
3 - A - 43
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(2)
Congestion of hoof laminae and coronary band.
(3)
Hypertrophy of lymph nodes and splenomegaly.
(4)
Severe
bilateral
complications occur).
e.
f.
broncholobular
pneumonia
(when
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Contagious ecthyma.
(2)
Foot and mouth disease.
(3)
Photosensitization.
(4)
Pneumonia.
(5)
Polyarthritis, footrot, foot abscesses.
(6)
Plant poisonings.
(7)
Peste des petits ruminants.
(8)
Coenurosis.
(9)
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Isolation of the agent
i.
Inoculation of sheep.
ii.
Intravascular inoculation
embryonated chicken eggs.
(b)
in
10-12-day-old
Identification of the agent
Plaque reduction serum neutralization (for serotyping many cross-reactions).
(c)
Serological tests
i.
Competitive ELISA.
3 - A - 44
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(2)
ii.
Agar gel immunodiffusion.
iii.
Virus neutralization.
iv.
Complement fixation.
Samples
(a)
Isolation and identification of the agent
i.
Living animals: blood in heparin.
ii.
Freshly dead animals: spleen, liver, red bone
marrow, heart blood, lymphnodes.
iii.
Aborted and congenitally infected newborn
animals: precolostrum serum plus same samples as for
freshly dead animals.
iv.
All samples have to be preserved at 4°C, and
not frozen.
(b)
Serological tests
Paired sample sera.
g.
Prevention And Control
(1)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
No efficient treatment
(b)
Disease-free areas:
(c)
(2)
i.
Quarantine and serological survey.
ii.
Vector control, especially in aircraft.
Infected areas: Vector control.
Medical prophylaxis
Vaccination with modified live virus vaccine. Serotypes incorporated into the
vaccine must be the same as those causing infection in the field.
3 - A - 45
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
10.
Sheep pox and goat pox
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus family Poxviridae, genus Capripoxvirus.
(2)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
min.
Temperature: Susceptible to 56°C/2 hours; 65°C/30
(b)
pH: Susceptible to highly alkaline or acid pH
(c)
Chemicals: Sensitive to ether (20%), chloroform, and
formalin (1%).
(d)
Disinfectants: Inactivated by phenol (2%) in 15 min.
Sensitive to detergents, e.g. sodium dodecyl sulphate.
(e)
Survival: Can survive for many years in dried scabs at
ambient temperatures. Virus remains viable in wool for 2
months and in premises for as long as 6 months.
b.
Epidemiology
(1)
Morbidity rate: Endemic areas 70-90%.
(2)
Mortality rate: Endemic areas 5-10%, although can approach
100% in imported animals.
(3)
Hosts
Sheep and goats (breed-linked predisposition and dependent on
strain of capripoxvirus).
(4)
Transmission
(a)
Direct contact.
(b)
Indirect transmission by contaminated implements
vehicles or products (litter, fodder).
(c)
Indirect transmission by insects (mechanical vectors)
has been established (minor role).
3 - A - 46
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(d)
Contamination by inhalation, intradermal or
subcutaneous inoculation, or by respiratory, transcutaneous and
transmucosal routes.
(5)
Sources of virus
(a)
Cutaneous lesions (crusts, nodules) resulting in
aerosols.
(6)
(b)
Saliva.
(c)
Nasal secretions from sick animals for 1 or 2 months.
(d)
Faeces.
Occurrence
Sheep pox and goat pox are endemic in most of Africa, the
Middle East and Asia.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is up to 21 days. Following contact,
incubation period is approximately 12 days, but is shorter than this following
intradermal inoculation by insects.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Subclinical cases.
(b)
Clinical cases vary from mild to severe:
i.
Fever, depression, polypnoea.
ii.
Conjunctivitis, lacrimation, rhinitis, edema of
eyelids, photophobia.
iii.
Cutaneous
eruption
beginning
with
erythematous areas especially noticeable in hair or wool-free
parts of the body, such as the perineum, inguinal area, scrotum,
udder, muzzle, eyelids and axillae.
iv.
(c)
Lesions evolve into papules
Papulo-vesicular form.
3 - A - 47
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
i.
Papules become a white-gray colour, desiccate
and form crusts that are easy to remove.
ii.
Rarely, papules may transform into vesicles.
After rupture of vesicles, a thick crust covers the lesions.
(d)
Nodular form ('stone pox').
i.
Papules give rise to nodules involving all the
layers of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue.
ii.
hairless scar
Necrosis and sloughing of the nodules leaves a
(e)
In both forms, nodules develop in the lungs causing
bronchopneumonia with cough, abundant nasal discharge, depression,
anorexia and emaciation.
(f)
Animals may recover within 20-30 days.
(g)
Death is frequent when complications occur (abortion,
which is rare, secondary infections, fly strike, septicaemia, digestive
localization).
d.
Lesions
(1)
Skin lesions: congestion, hemorrhage, edema, vasculitis and
necrosis. All the layers of epidermis, dermis and sometimes musculature are
involved.
(2)
Lymph nodes draining infected areas: enlargement (up to eight
times normal size), lymphoid proliferation, edema, and congestion,
hemorrhage.
(3)
Pox lesions: on mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, nose,
pharynx, epiglottis, trachea, on the rumenal and abomasal mucosae, and on the
muzzle, nares, in the vulva, prepuce, testicles, udder, and teats. Lesions may
coalesce in severe cases.
(4)
Lung lesions: severe and extensive pox lesions, focal and
uniformly distributed throughout the lungs; congestion, edema, focal areas of
proliferation with necrosis, lobular atelectasis. Enlargement, congestion,
edema and hemorrhages of mediastinal lymph nodes.
e.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Bluetongue.
3 - A - 48
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
f.
(2)
Peste des petits ruminants.
(3)
Contagious ecthyma.
(4)
Photosensitisation.
(5)
Dermatophilosis.
(6)
Insect bites.
(7)
Parasitic pneumonia.
(8)
Caseous lymphadenitis.
(9)
Mange (scrabies).
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Cell inoculation and identification by
immunofluorescence staining of intracytoplasmic
inclusion bodies.
ii.
Inhibition of cytopathic effect using positive
serum.
iii.
Antigen detection ELISA.
iv.
Lamb testis and goat testis, and goat cells
kidney.
(b)
Serological tests
i.
Virus neutralization.
ii.
Indirect fluorescent antibody test.
iii.
Agar gel immunodiffusion.
iv.
ELISA.
v.
NB!! Differentiation from lumpy skin disease is
not possible by serological methods.
3 - A - 49
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(2)
Samples
(a)
Full skin thickness biopsies taken within 1 week of the
first appearance of the lesions.
g.
(b)
Lesions in the lungs.
(c)
Paired sera.
Prevention and Control
(1)
No treatment.
(2)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
Isolation of infected herds and sick animals for at least
45 days after recovery.
(b)
Slaughtering of infected herd (as far as possible).
(c)
Proper disposal of cadavers and products.
(d)
Stringent disinfection.
(e)
Quarantine before introduction into herds.
(f)
Animal and vehicle movement controls within infected
areas.
(3)
Medical prophylaxis
(a)
There are numerous attenuated virus vaccines delivered
by subcutaneous or intradermal route.
(b)
The conferred immunity lasts up to 2 years.
3 - A - 50
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
11.
African Horse Sickness
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Viscerotropic virus, family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus.
(3)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
min.
Temperature: Inactivated by 50°C/3 hours; 60°C/15
(b)
pH: Survives between pH 6.0 and 12.0.
(c)
Chemicals: Inactivated by ether and ß-propiolactone
0.4%.
(d)
Disinfectants: Inactivated by formalin 0.1%/48 hours.
Also phenol and iodophores.
(e)
b.
Survival: Survives at 37°C/37 days.
Epidemiology
(1)
Mortality rate in horses is 70-95%, in mules it is around 50%,
and in donkeys it is around 10%.
(2)
Hosts
(a)
Reservoir host still unknown.
(b)
Usual hosts: horses, mules, donkeys, zebra.
(c)
Occasional hosts: elephants, onager, camels, and dogs
(after eating infected blood or horsemeat).
(3)
Transmission
(a)
Not directly contagious.
(b)
Usual mode of transmission: Culicoides spp., i.e.
biological vector.
(c)
Occasional mode of transmission: mosquitoes - Culex,
Anopheles and Aedes spp.; ticks - Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus.
3 - A - 51
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(d)
Moist mild conditions and warm temperatures favor the
presence of insect vectors.
(e)
Virus movement over long distances via windborne
infected vectors has been
suggested.
(4)
Sources of virus
(a)
Viscera and blood of infected horses.
(b)
Semen, urine and all shed and secreted products.
(c)
Viraemia in horses may extend for as long as 18 days,
but usually lasts for fewer days - about 4-8 days. In zebras and
donkeys viraemia may last up to 28 days.
(5)
Occurrence
As its name indicates, AHS is a truly African disease that is
endemic in the central tropical regions of the continent, from where it
spreads regularly to Southern Africa and occasionally to Northern
Africa. A few outbreaks have occurred outside Africa, such as in the
Near and Middle East (1959-63), in Spain (1966, 1987-90) and in
Portugal (1989).
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
days.
Incubation period is usually 7-14 days, but may be as short as 2
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Subclinical form: fever (40-40.5°C) and general
malaise for 1-2 days.
(b)
Subacute or cardiac form: fever (39-41°C), swelling
of the supraorbital fossa, eyelids, facial tissues, neck, thorax,
brisket and shoulders. Death usually within 1 week.
(c)
Acute respiratory form: fever (40-41°C), dyspnoea,
spasmodic coughing, dilated nostrils with frothy fluid oozing
out, redness of conjunctivae, death from anoxia within 1 week.
3 - A - 52
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(d)
A mixed form (cardiac and pulmonary) occurs
frequently: pulmonary signs of a mild nature that do not
progress, edematous swellings and effusions, death from
cardiac failure, usually within 1 week.
(e)
In the majority of cases, the subclinical cardiac form is
suddenly followed by marked dyspnoea and other signs typical
of the pulmonary form.
(f)
d.
A nervous form may occur, though it is rare.
Lesions
(1)
Interlobular respiratory form: edema of the lungs,
hydropericardium, pleural effusion, edema of thoracic lymph nodes,
patchily hemorrhages in pericardium.
(2)
Cardiac form: subcutaneous and intramuscularly gelatinous
edema, epicardial and endocardial ecchymoses, myocarditis,
haemorrhagic gastritis.
e.
f.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Anthrax.
(2)
Equine infectious anemia.
(3)
Equine viral arteritis.
(4)
Trypanosomosis.
(5)
Equine encephalosis.
(6)
Piroplasmosis.
(7)
Purpura haemorrhagica.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Virus isolation
Suckling mice or cell culture (BHK, MS, VERO).
(b)
Virus identification
i.
ELISA.
3 - A - 53
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(c)
(2)
ii.
Virus neutralization (Serotyping).
iii.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Serological diagnosis
i.
ELISA.
ii.
Complement fixation.
iii.
Immunoblotting.
Samples
(a)
Virus isolation
i.
Blood specimens obtained at the peak of the
fever are preserved in OPG (50% glycerol, 0.5%
potassium oxalate, 0.5% phenol) or heparin 10 IU/ml
and transported at 4°C to the laboratory.
ii.
Spleen, lung and lymph node samples collected
from freshly dead animals are preserved in 10%
buffered glycerine and transported at 4°C to the
laboratory.
(b)
Serology
Serum: preferably paired samples should be taken 21days apart and kept frozen at -20°C.
g.
Prevention and Control
(1)
No efficient treatment.
(2)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
Virus identification (group and type).
(b)
Slaughtering of affected horses and destruction of
cadavers.
(c)
Vector control (insecticides, repellents, screens).
(d)
Identification of vaccinated horses.
3 - A - 54
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(3)
Medical prophylaxis
(a)
Vaccination of non-infected horses:
i.
Polyvalent vaccine.
ii.
Monovalent vaccine (better when virus has been
typed).
iii.
Monovalent inactivated vaccine (only for serotype 4).
3 - A - 55
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
12.
African Swine Fever
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
DNA virus not classified to date. Has characteristics of an
Iridovirus and a Poxvirus.
(2)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
Temperature: Highly resistant to low temperatures.
Heat inactivated by 56°C/70 min; 60°C/20 min.
(b)
PH: Inactivated by pH <3.9 or >11.5 in serum-free
medium. Serum increases the resistance of the virus, e.g. at pH
13.4 - resistance lasts up to 21 hours without serum, and 7 days
with serum.
(c)
Chemicals: Susceptible to ether and chloroform.
(d)
Disinfectants: Inactivated by 8/1,000 sodium hydroxide
(30 min), hypochlorites - 2.3% chlorine (30 min), 3/1,000
formalin (30 min), 3% ortho-phenylphenol (30 min) and iodine
compounds.
(e)
Survival: Remains viable for long periods in blood,
faeces and tissues. Can multiply in vectors.
b.
Epidemiology
(1)
Hosts
Pigs, warthogs, bush pigs, European wild boar, American wild
pigs. Species-linked predisposition: African wild swine (warthogs and
bush pigs) are usually inapparently infected
(2)
Transmission
(a)
Direct transmission:
i.
(b)
Contact between sick and healthy animals.
Indirect transmission:
i.
Feeding with garbage containing infected meat.
3 - A - 56
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ii.
Biological vectors: soft ticks of the genus
Ornithodoros.
iii.
Fomites: premises, vehicles, implements,
clothes.
(3)
Sources of virus
(a)
Blood, tissues, secretions and excretions of sick and
dead animals.
(b)
A carrier state exists, especially in African wild swine,
and in domestic pigs in enzootic areas.
(c)
(4)
Soft ticks of genus Ornithodorus.
Occurrence
African swine fever is enzootic in most countries of SubSaharan Africa. In Europe it has been reported in the Iberian Peninsula
and in Sardinia. It was present in four South American and Caribbean
countries, but has been eradicated.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is 5-15 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Acute form (highly virulent virus)
i.
Fever (40.5-42°C).
ii.
Early leucopaenia and thrombocytopaenia (4872 hours).
iii.
Reddening of the skin (white pigs) - tips of ears,
tail, distal extremities, ventral aspects of chest and
abdomen.
iv.
Anorexia, listlessness, cyanosis and
incoordination within 24-48 hours before death.
v.
Increased pulse and respiratory rate.
vi.
Vomiting, diarrhoea (sometimes bloody) and
eye discharges may exist.
3 - A - 57
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
vii.
Death within 6-13 days, or up to 20 days.
viii.
Abortion may occur in pregnant sow .
ix.
Survivors are virus carriers for life.
x.
In domestic swine, the mortality rate often
approaches 100%.
(b)
Subacute form (moderately virulent virus)
i.
Less intense symptoms.
ii.
Duration of illness is 5-30 days.
iii.
Abortion in pregnant sows.
iv.
Death within 15-45 days.
v.
Mortality rate is lower (e.g. 30-70%, varies
widely).
(c)
Chronic form
i.
Various signs: loss of weight, irregular peaks of
temperature, respiratory signs, necrosis in areas of skin,
chronic skin ulcers, arthritis.
ii.
Pericarditis, adhesions of lungs, swellings over
joints.
d.
iii.
Develops over 2-15 months.
iv.
Low mortality.
Lesions
(1)
Acute form (not all lesions are seen; this depends on the
isolate).
(a)
Pronounced hemorrhages in the gastrohepatic and renal
lymph nodes.
(b)
Petechial hemorrhages of the renal cortex, also in
medulla and pelvis of kidneys.
(c)
Congestive splenomegaly.
3 - A - 58
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(d)
Edematous areas of cyanosis in hairless parts.
(e)
Cutaneous ecchymoses on the legs and abdomen.
(f)
Excess of pleural, pericardial and/or peritoneal fluid.
(g)
Petechiae in the mucous membranes of the larynx and
bladder, and on visceral surfaces of organs.
(h)
Edema in the mesenteric structures of the colon and
adjacent to the gall bladder; also wall of gall bladder.
(2)
Chronic form
(a)
Focal caseous necrosis and mineralisation of the lungs
may exist.
(b)
e.
Lymph nodes enlarged.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Classical swine fever (CSF) (hog cholera). It is not possible to
differentiate ASF and CSF by clinical or post-mortem examination. It
is essential to send samples for laboratory examination.
f.
(2)
Erysipelas.
(3)
Salmonellosis.
(4)
Pasteurellosis.
(5)
All septicaemic conditions.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Isolation:
aa.
Cell culture inoculation (primary cultures
of pig monocytes or bone marrow cells - most
isolates produce haemadsorption).
ab.
Pig inoculation - unvaccinated and
vaccinated against classical swine fever (hog
cholera).
3 - A - 59
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ac.
Antigen detection by direct immunofluorescence.
ad.
Detection of virus genome by
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
ii.
Serological tests (Group-specific)
aa.
ELISA.
ab.
Indirect fluorescent antibody test.
ac. Immunoblotting (confirmatory test).
ad.
Counter immunoelectrophoresis test
(only for screening of large groups).
iii.
use.
(2)
Type-specific tests - none available for routine
Samples
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Blood collected during the early febrile stage in
heparin (10 IU/ml) or EDTA (0.5%).
ii.
Small pieces (2-5 g) of spleen, kidney and
lymph nodes kept at 4°C.
(b)
Serological tests
Serum collected within 8-21 days after infection in
convalescent animals.
g.
Prevention and Control
(1)
No treatment.
(2)
No vaccine to date.
(3)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
Free countries
3 - A - 60
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
i.
Careful import policy for animals and animal
products.
ii.
Proper disposal of waste food from aircraft or
ships coming from infected countries.
iii.
(b)
Efficient sterilisation of garbage.
In outbreaks
i.
Rapid slaughtering of all pigs and proper
disposal of cadavers and litter is essential.
ii.
Thorough cleaning and disinfection.
iii.
Designation of infected zone, with control of pig
movements.
iv.
Detailed epidemiological investigation, with
tracing of possible sources (up-stream) and possible
spread (down-stream) of infection.
v.
area.
(c)
Surveillance of infected zone, and surrounding
Infected countries
Avoid contact between pigs and soft tick vectors
(Africa) - i.e. prevent pigs from wandering.
3 - A - 61
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
13.
Classical Swine Fever (hog cholera)
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus Family Flaviviridae, genus Pestivirus.
(2)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
Temperature: Partially resistant to moderate heat
(56°C).
(b)
pH:
Inactivated by pH <3.0 or pH >11.0.
(c)
Chemicals:
propiolactone 0.4%.
Susceptible to ether, chloroform or
(d)
Disinfectants: Inactivated by cresol, sodium hydroxide
(2%), formalin (1%), sodium carbonate (4% anhydrous or 10%
crystalline, with 0.1% detergent), ionic and non-ionic
detergents, strong iodophors (1%) in phosphoric acid.
(e)
Survival:
Survives well in cold conditions and can
survive some forms of meat processing (curing and smoking).
b.
Epidemiology
(1)
Hosts
Pigs and wild boar are the only natural reservoir of classical
swine fever virus
(2)
Transmission
(a)
Direct contact between animals (secretions, excretions,
semen, blood).
(b)
Spread by farm visitors, veterinarians, pig traders.
(c)
Indirect contact through premises, implements, vehicles,
clothes, instruments and needles.
(d)
Insufficiently cooked waste food fed to pigs.
(e)
Transplacental infection.
3 - A - 62
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(3)
Sources of virus
(a)
Blood and all the tissues, secretions and excretions of
sick and dead animals.
(b)
Congenitally infected piglets are persistently viraemic
and may shed the virus for months.
(c)
Infection routes are: ingestion, contact with the
conjunctiva, the mucous membranes, skin abrasions,
insemination, percutaneous blood transfer.
(4)
Occurrence
The disease occurs in much of Asia, Central and South
America, and parts of Europe and Africa. Many countries are free of
the disease.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is 2-14 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Acute form
i.
Fever (41°C), anorexia, lethargy.
ii.
Multifocal hyperemia and hemorrhagic lesions
of the skin, conjunctivitis.
iii.
Cyanosis of the skin especially of extremities
(ears, limbs, tail, snout).
iv.
Transient constipation followed by diarrhea.
v.
Vomiting (occasional).
vi.
Dyspnoea, coughing.
vii.
Ataxia, paresis and convulsion.
viii.
Pigs huddle together.
ix.
Death occurs 5-15 days after onset of illness.
x.
Mortality in young pigs can approach 100%.
3 - A - 63
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(b)
Chronic form
i.
Dullness, capricious appetite, pyrexia, diarrhea
for up to 1 month.
ii.
Apparent recovery with eventual relapse and
death.
(c)
Congenital form
i.
Congenital tremor, weakness.
ii.
Runting, poor growth over a period of weeks or
months leading to death.
iii.
Clinically normal but persistently viraemic pigs,
with no antibody response.
(d)
Mild form (sows)
i.
Transient pyrexia and inappetence.
ii.
Fetal
stillbirth.
d.
death,
resorption,
mummification,
iii.
Birth of live, congenitally affected piglets.
iv.
Abortion (rare).
Lesions
(1)
Acute form
(a)
Leucopaenia and thrombocytopaenia.
(b)
Widespread petechiae and ecchymoses, especially in the
skin, lymph nodes,
larynx, bladder, kidney, ileocaecal junction.
(c)
Multifocal infarction of the margin of the spleen is
characteristic but not always present.
(2)
(d)
Enlarged hemorrhagic lymph nodes are common.
(e)
Encephalomyelitis with perivascular cuffing.
Chronic form
3 - A - 64
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(3)
(a)
Button ulcers in the caecum and large intestine.
(b)
Generalized depletion of lymphoid tissue.
(c)
Hemorrhagic and inflammatory lesions are often absent.
Congenital form
Central
microencephaly,
malformations.
e.
dysmyelinogenesis,
cerebellar
pulmonary hypoplasia, hydrops
hypoplasia,
and other
Differential diagnosis
African swine fever (indistinguishable clinico-pathologically. It
(1)
is essential to send samples for laboratory examination).
f.
(2)
Infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus.
(3)
Salmonellosis.
(4)
Erysipelas.
(5)
Acute pasteurellosis.
(6)
Other viral encephalomyelitis.
(7)
Streptococcosis.
(8)
Leptospirosis.
(9)
Coumarin poisoning.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Direct immunofluorescence test on cryostat
sections of organs from affected pigs.
ii.
Virus isolation in cell culture, with virus
detection
by
immunofluorescence
or
immunoperoxidase. Confirmatory identification with
monoclonal antibodies.
(b)
Serological tests
3 - A - 65
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(2)
i.
Neutralization peroxidase-linked assay.
ii.
Fluorescent antibody virus neutralization.
iii.
ELISA.
Samples
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Tonsil.
ii.
Lymph nodes (pharyngeal, mesenteric).
iii.
Spleen.
iv.
Kidney.
v.
Distal ileum.
vi.
Blood in EDTA (live cases).
vii.
Kept under refrigeration and shipped to
laboratory as quickly as possible.
(b)
Serological tests
Serum samples from suspect recovered animals, from
sows with suspected congenitally infected litters, or from pigs
under surveillance.
g.
Prevention and Control
(1)
No treatment is possible. Affected pigs must be slaughtered and
the carcasses buried or incinerated.
(2)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
Effective
communication
between
veterinary
authorities, veterinary practitioners and pig farmers.
(b)
Effective disease reporting system.
(c)
Strict import policy for live pigs, and fresh and cured
pig meat.
(d)
Quarantine of pigs before admission into herd.
(e)
Efficient sterilization (or prohibition) of waste food fed
to pigs.
3 - A - 66
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(f)
Efficient control of rendering plants.
(g)
Structured serological surveillance targeted to breeding
sows and boars.
(h)
(3)
Effective pig identification and recording system.
Medical prophylaxis
Vaccination with modified live virus strains is effective in
preventing losses in countries where classical swine fever is enzootic,
but is unlikely, on its own, to eliminate infection entirely. In countries
which are free of disease, or where eradication is in progress,
vaccination is normally prohibited.
(4)
Response to outbreaks
(a)
Slaughter of all pigs on affected farms.
(b)
Disposal of carcasses, bedding, etc.
(c)
Thorough disinfection.
(d)
Designation of infected zone, with control of pig
movements.
(e)
Detailed epidemiological investigation, with tracing of
possible sources (up-stream) and possible spread (down-stream)
of infection.
(f)
Surveillance of infected zone, and surrounding area.
3 - A - 67
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
14.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Influenza virus A, B. To
date, all highly pathogenic isolates have been influenza A viruses of
subtypes H5 and H7.
(2)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
min.
Temperature: Inactivation by 56°C/3 hours; 60°C/30
(b)
pH:
Inactivated by acid pH.
(c)
Chemicals: Inactivated by oxidizing agents, sodium
dodecyl sulphate, lipid solvents, ί-propiolactone.
(d)
Disinfectants: Inactivated by formalin and iodine
compounds.
(e)
Survival: Remains viable for long periods in tissues,
faeces and also in water.
b.
Epidemiology
(1)
Highly contagious.
(2)
Hosts
(a)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza isolates have been
obtained primarily from chickens and turkeys.
(b)
It is reasonable to assume all avian species are
susceptible to infection.
(3)
Transmission
(a)
Direct contact with secretions from infected birds,
especially faeces.
(b)
Contaminated feed, water, equipment and clothing.
(c)
Clinically normal waterfowl and sea birds may
introduce the virus into flocks.
3 - A - 68
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(d)
Broken contaminated eggs may infect chicks in the
incubator.
(4)
Sources of virus
(a)
Faeces, respiratory secretions.
(b)
Highly pathogenic viruses may remain viable for long
periods of time in infected faeces, but also in tissues and water.
(5)
Occurrence
Apathogenic and mildly pathogenic influenza A viruses occur
worldwide. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) viruses of the
H5 and H7 HA subtypes have been isolated occasionally from freeliving birds in Europe and elsewhere. Outbreaks due to HPAI were
recorded in the Pennsylvania area, USA, in the years 1983-84. More
recently outbreaks have occurred in Australia, Pakistan and Mexico.
There is evidence that H5 viruses of low pathogenicity may mutate and
become highly pathogenic. HPAI infections are very rarely seen, and
should not be confused with viruses of low pathogenicity, which may
also be of H5 or H7 subtypes.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is 3-5 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Severe depression, inappetence.
(b)
Drastic decline in egg production.
(c)
Facial edema with swollen and cyanotic combs and
wattles.
d.
(d)
Petechial hemorrhages on internal membrane surfaces.
(e)
Sudden deaths (mortality can reach 100%).
(f)
Virus isolation needed for definitive diagnosis.
Lesions
(1)
Chickens
(a)
Lesions may be be absent in cases of sudden death.
3 - A - 69
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(b)
Severe congestion of the musculature.
(c)
Dehydration.
(d)
Subcutaneous edema of the head and neck area.
(e)
Nasal and oral cavity discharge.
(f)
Severe congestion of conjunctivae, sometimes with
petechiae.
(g)
Excessive mucous exudate in the lumen of the trachea,
or severe hemorrhagic
tracheitis.
(h)
Petechiae on the inside of the sternum, on the serosa
and abdominal fat, serosal surfaces and in the body cavity.
(i)
Severe kidney congestion, sometimes with urate
deposits in the tubules.
(j)
Hemorrhages and degeneration of the ovary.
(k)
Hemorrhages on the mucosal surface of the
proventriculus, particularly at the juncture with the gizzard.
(l)
Hemorrhages and erosions of the gizzard lining.
(m)
Hemorrhagic foci on the lymphoid tissues in the
intestinal mucosa .
(2)
The lesions in turkeys are similar to those in chickens, but may
not be as marked.
(3)
Ducks infected with HPAI and excreting the virus, may not
show any clinical signs or lesions.
e.
f.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Acute fowl cholera.
(2)
Velogenic Newcastle disease.
(3)
Respiratory diseases, especially infectious laryngotracheitis.
Laboratory diagnosis
3 - A - 70
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Inoculation of 9-11-day-old
chicken eggs followed by:
aa.
embryonated
Demonstration of haemagglutination.
ab.
Immunodiffusion test to confirm the
presence of influenza A virus.
ac.
Subtype
determination
monospecific antisera.
with
ad.
Strain virulence evaluation: evaluation of
the intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) in 48-week-old chickens.
(b)
Serological tests
i.
Haemagglutination
inhibition tests.
ii.
(2)
and
haemagglutination
Agar gel immunodiffusion.
Samples
(a)
Identification of the agent
Tracheal and cloacal swabs (or faeces) from live birds
or from pools of organs and faeces from dead birds
(b)
Serological tests
Clotted blood samples or serum.
g.
Prevention and Control
(1)
No treatment.
(2)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
Avoidance of contact between poultry and wild birds, in
particular waterfowl.
(b)
Avoidance of the introduction of birds of unknown
disease status into flock.
3 - A - 71
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(c)
Control of human traffic.
(d)
Proper cleaning and disinfection procedures.
(e)
One age group per farm ('all in-all out') breeding is
recommended.
(3)
(4)
In outbreaks
(a)
Slaughtering of all birds.
(b)
Disposal of carcasses and all animal products.
(c)
Cleaning and disinfection.
(d)
Allow at least 21 days before restocking.
Medical prophylaxis
In the past, it has been considered counterproductive to
vaccinate against HPAI as some vaccinated individuals may,
nonetheless, become infected and shed virulent virus. However, in the
recent outbreaks in Pakistan and Mexico, inactivated vaccines have
been employed to combat rapidly spreading disease.
3 - A - 72
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
15.
Newcastle disease
a.
Etiology
(1)
Classification of the causative agent
Virus family Paramyxoviridae, genus Rubulavirus
(2)
Resistance to physical and chemical action
(a)
min.
Temperature: Inactivated by 56°C/3 hours, 60°C/30
(b)
pH: Inactivated by acid pH.
(c)
Chemicals: Ether sensitive.
(d)
Disinfectants: Inactivated by formalin and phenol.
(e)
Survival: Survives for long
temperature, especially in faeces.
b.
periods
at
ambient
Epidemiology
(1)
Hosts
(a)
Many species of birds, both domestic and wild.
(b)
The mortality and morbidity rates vary among species,
and with the strain of virus.
(c)
Chickens are the most susceptible poultry, ducks and
geese are the least susceptible poultry.
(d)
A carrier state may exist in psittacine and some other
wild birds.
(2)
Transmission
Direct contact with secretions, especially faeces, from
(a)
infected birds.
(b)
Contaminated feed, water, implements, premises,
human clothing, etc.
(3)
Sources of virus
(a)
Respiratory discharges, faeces.
3 - A - 73
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(b)
All parts of the carcass.
(c)
Virus is shed during the incubation period and for a
limited period during convalescence.
(d)
Some psittacine birds have been demonstrated to shed
ND virus intermittently for over 1 year.
(4)
Occurrence
Newcastle disease is endemic in many countries of the world.
Some European countries have been free of the disease for years.
c.
Diagnosis
(1)
Incubation period is 4-6 days.
(2)
Clinical diagnosis
(a)
Respiratory and/or nervous signs:
i.
Gasping and coughing.
ii.
Drooping wings, dragging legs, twisting of the
head and neck, circling, depression, inappetence,
complete paralysis.
(b)
Partial or complete cessation of egg production.
(c)
Eggs are misshapen, rough-shelled, thin-shelled and
contain watery albumen.
(d)
Greenish watery diarrhea.
(e)
Swelling of the tissues around the eyes and in the neck.
(f)
Morbidity and mortality depend on virulence of the
virus strain, degree of vaccinal immunity, environmental
conditions, and condition of the flock.
d.
Lesions
(1)
There are no pathognomonic gross lesions.
(2)
Several birds have to be examined to make a tentative
diagnosis.
(3)
Final diagnosis must await virus isolation and identification.
3 - A - 74
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(4)
Lesions that may be found are:
(a)
Edema of the interstitial or peritracheal tissue of the
neck, especially near the thoracic inlet.
(b)
Congestion and sometimes hemorrhage on tracheal
mucosa.
(c)
Petechiae and small ecchymoses on the mucosa of the
proventriculus, concentrated around the orifices of the mucous
glands.
(d)
Edema, hemorrhages, necrosis or ulcerations of
lymphoid tissue in the intestinal wall mucosa.
(e)
e.
f.
Edema, hemorrhages or degeneration of ovaries.
Differential diagnosis
(1)
Fowl cholera.
(2)
Avian influenza.
(3)
Laryngotracheitis.
(4)
Fowl pox (diphtheritic form).
(5)
Psittacosis (chlamydiosis) (psittacine birds).
(6)
Mycoplasmosis.
(7)
Infectious bronchitis.
(8)
Pacheco's parrot disease (psittacine birds).
(9)
Also management errors such as deprivation of water, air, feed.
Laboratory diagnosis
(1)
Procedures
(a)
Identification of the agent
i.
Inoculation of 9-11-day-old
chicken eggs followed by:
aa.
Examination
activity.
of
embryonated
haemagglutination
3 - A - 75
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ab.
Inhibition of haemagglutination by ND
virus-specific antiserum.
(b)
Pathogenicity assessment
i.
Plaque test in chicken embryo fibroblast
cultures.
ii.
Mean death time of embryonated chicken eggs.
iii.
Intracerebral pathogenicity index in 1-day-old
chickens.
iv.
Intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) in 6week-old chickens.
(c)
(2)
Serological tests
i.
Haemagglutination inhibition test.
ii.
ELISA.
Samples
(a)
Identification of the agent
Tracheal and cloacal swabs (or faeces) from live birds
or from pools of organs and faeces from dead birds.
(b)
Serological tests
Clotted blood samples or serum.
g.
Prevention and Control
(1)
No treatment.
(2)
Sanitary prophylaxis
(a)
Strict isolation of outbreaks.
(b)
Destruction of all infected and exposed birds.
(c)
Thorough cleaning and disinfection of premises.
(d)
Proper carcass disposal.
(e)
Pest control in flocks.
3 - A - 76
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(f)
Depopulation followed by 21 days before restocking.
(g)
Avoidance of contact with birds of unknown health
status.
(h)
Control of human traffic.
(i)
One age group per farm ('all in-all out') breeding is
recommended.
(3)
Medical prophylaxis
(a)
Vaccination with live and/or oil emulsion vaccines can
markedly reduce the losses in poultry flocks.
(b)
Live B1 and La Sota strains are administrated in
drinking water or as a coarse spray. Sometimes administered
intranasally or intraocularly. Healthy chickens may be
vaccinated as early as day 1-4 of life, but delaying vaccination
until the second or third week increases its efficiency.
(c)
Some other infections (e.g. Mycoplasma) may
aggravate the vaccine reaction. Killed virus vaccine should then
be used.
3 - A - 77
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
CHAPTER 4
THE WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH
(OIE)
0401. General Description of OIE
1.
The OIE is the intergovernmental organisation responsible for improving
animal health worldwide.
2.
Headquarters
Office International des Epizooties
12, rue de Prony
75017 Paris, France
Tel.: 33 – (0)1 44.15.18.88
Fax: 33 – (0)1 42.67.09.87
E-mail: [email protected]
3.
The main objects of the organisation are:
a.
To promote and co-ordinate all experimental and other research work
concerning the pathology or prophylaxis of contagious diseases of livestock
for which international collaboration is deemed desirable.
b.
To collect and bring to the attention of the Governments or their
sanitary services, all facts and documents of general interest concerning the
spread of epizootic diseases and the means used to control them.
c.
To examine international draft agreements regarding animal sanitary
measures and to provide signatory Governments with the means of supervising
their enforcement.
3.
The organisation is placed under the authority and control of a World
Assembly of Delegates consisting of Delegates designated by the Governments of all
Member Countries
4.
The day-to-day operation of the OIE is managed at the Headquarters situated
in Paris and placed under the responsibility of a Director General elected by the
International Committee. The Headquarters implements the resolutions passed by the
International Committee and developed with the support of Commissions elected by
the Delegates:
4-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
a.
Council
b.
Regional Commissions (5)
c.
Specialist Technical Commissions (4)
5.
The OIE's financial resources are derived principally from compulsory annual
contributions backed up by voluntary contributions from Member Countries and
Territories.
6.
The OIE enjoys permanent working relations with most international
organisations, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Trade Organization
(WTO), the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) and the
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO).
7.
The OIE has defined objectives (Annex A) and comprises member countries,
almost equal to number of UN member countries, with certain legalities (Annex B).
4-2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ANNEX A
OIE’s MAIN OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE
1.
The main objectives of OIE are:
a.
Transparency.
b.
Scientific information.
c.
International solidarity.
d.
Sanitary safety.
e.
Promotion of Veterinary Services.
f.
Food safety and animal welfare.
2.
The priority function of the OIE is to inform Governmental Veterinary
Services of the occurrence and course of epizootics which could endanger animal or
human health.
3.
The OIE has established a warning/informative system, the World Animal
Health Information System, which enables Member Countries to act rapidly should
the need arise.
a.
The Governments inform the OIE of the measures adopted by them to
control epizootics, especially such measures enforced at their own frontiers to
protect their territory against imports from infected countries. As far as
possible they furnish information in reply to inquiries sent to them by the
Organisation.
b.
All information collected by the OIE are to be brought to the attention
of the participating States by means of a bulletin or by special notifications
which shall be sent to them either automatically or upon request.
4.
Scientific information is also disseminated through numerous other
publications, listed in this Annex.
5.
By collecting, processing and disseminating data on the world animal health
situation, the OIE provides Member Countries with the essential information needed
to launch national control programmes, and to formulate animal health regulations for
international trade.
6.
In the world economy, the unimpeded flow of international trade in animals
and animal products requires:
4-A-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
a.
Veterinary regulations designed to prevent the spread of transmissible
diseases to animals and to human beings.
b.
The harmonisation of requirements for such trade, in order to avoid
unjustified trade barriers.
7.
The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the World Trade Organization
explicitly recommends the use of standards, guidelines and recommendations
developed under the auspices of the OIE.
8.
The following normative works, approved by the OIE International
Committee, promote the harmonisation of regulations applicable to trade in animals
and animal products:
a.
The Code, prepared by the Terrestrial Animal Health Standards
Commission provides standards for international trade.
b.
The Manual, prepared by the Biological Standards Commission, gives
the standardised diagnostic techniques and vaccine control methods for use in
international trade.
c.
A Code and a Manual for aquatic animals are prepared by the Aquatic
Animal Health Standards Commission.
9.
Expertise on animal diseases.
The first objective assigned to the OIE by the International Agreement of 25
Jan. 1924 was to promote and coordinate research into the surveillance and control of
animal diseases throughout the world. This task is undertaken by Specialist
Commissions and Working Groups, with support from Collaborating Centers and
Reference Laboratories, as well as by the organisation of meetings of experts and the
publication of scientific articles.
10.
Specialist Commissions.
a.
The role of the OIE's Specialist Commissions is to use current
scientific information to study problems of epidemiology and the prevention
and control of animal diseases, to develop and revise OIE's international
standards and to address scientific and technical issues raised by Member
Countries.
b.
The OIE is continuing to improve the transparency of its standards
development process, in order to have the best scientific basis for its standards
and to gain their widest possible support. All reports from OIE Specialist
Commissions are published on the OIE public website and incorporate as
appendices the accepted reports from relevant OIE working groups and ad hoc
4-A-2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
groups. The OIE does not solicit comments on these reports other than from
Delegates, but will not refuse comments from organisations with an interest in
the OIE's work, as they often represent a very useful source of information.
c.
Four Specialist Commissions are currently active:
(1)
The Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission
("Code Commission")
(a)
Founded in 1960, the Code Commission is responsible
for ensuring that the recommendations of the Terrestrial Animal
Health Code (the Terrestrial Code) reflect current scientific
information on the protection of international trade and
surveillance methods for animal diseases and zoonoses. It
works with internationally renowned specialists to prepare draft
texts for new articles for the Terrestrial Code and to revise
existing articles in light of advances in veterinary science. As
well, the Code Commission collaborates closely with the
Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission on issues
needing a harmonised approach, and with the Biological
Standards Commission and the Scientific Commission for
Animal Diseases to ensure the Code Commission is utilising the
latest scientific information in its work.
(b)
The views of the Delegates of Member Countries are
routinely sought through the circulation of draft and revised
texts and, at each General Session, the Delegates discuss and
formally adopt the draft texts as OIE standards. These texts are
then incorporated into the next edition of the Terrestrial Code.
(c)
Members of the Commission are elected by the
International Committee for a period of three years.
(2)
The Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases ("Scientific
Commission")
Founded in 1946, this Commission assists in identifying the
most appropriate strategies and measures for disease prevention and
control.. It also examines Member Country submissions regarding their
animal health status for those countries that wish to be included on the
OIE list of countries 'free' of certain diseases (see OIE 'Disease-free'
status and 'Disease-free' recognition procedures). The Commission is
elected by the International Committee for a three year term.
(3)
The Biological Standards Commission ("Laboratories
Commission")
4-A-3
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
Founded in 1949, this Commission is responsible for
establishing or approving methods for diagnosing diseases of
mammals, birds and bees and for recommending the most effective
biological products such as vaccines. It oversees the production of the
Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (the"
Manual"), recognised as an international standard text by the SPS
Agreement of the WTO. The Commission also selects OIE Reference
Laboratories for disease of terrestrial animals, and promotes the
preparation and distribution of standard reagents for diagnostic testing.
The Commission is elected by the International Committee for a three
year term.
(4)
Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission (Aquatic
Animals Commission)
Founded in 1960, this Commission compiles information on
diseases of fish, molluscs and crustaceans and on methods used to
control these diseases. The Commission produces the Aquatic Animal
Health Code (the "Aquatic Code") and the Manual of Diagnostic Tests
and Vaccines for Aquatic Animals (the "Aquatic Manual"). The
Commission also organises scientific meetings on diverse topics of
importance to aquaculture. The Commission is elected by the
International Committee for a three year term.
11.
Working Groups
a.
OIE permanent Working Groups are responsible for continuingly
reviewing developments in their fields, and for keeping OIE Member
Countries informed of current issues through scientific meetings, seminars,
workshops and training courses.
b.
Three Working Groups are currently operating:
(1)
Working Group on Wildlife diseases
Founded in 1994, this Working Group informs and advises the
OIE on all health problems relating to wild animals, whether in the
wild or in captivity. It has prepared recommendations and oversees
numerous scientific publications on the surveillance and control of the
most important specific wildlife diseases. The Working Group
comprises world-leading scientific experts in their subject areas.
(2)
Working Group on Animal Welfare
A permanent Working Group on Animal Welfare was
established in 2002 to coordinate and manage the animal welfare
activities of the OIE.
4-A-4
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
(3)
Working Group on Food Safety
A permanent Working Group on Food Safety was established in
2002 to coordinate and manage the animal production food safety
activities of the OIE.
12.
Ad hoc Groups
Ad hoc Groups are convened as required by the Director General of the OIE to
examine specific scientific and technical issues. Comprising leading specialists from
OIE Member Countries, their reports serve as guides for the Specialist Commissions
and the International Committee in forming recommendations and making decisions.
13.
OFFLU (Joint OIE/FAO worldwide scientific network for the control of avian
influenza)
a.
In April 2005, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) launched
a new joint scientific worldwide network to support the veterinary services in
the control Avian Influenza (OFFLU).
b.
The objectives of the new network are:
(1)
To exchange scientific data and biological materials (including
virus strains) within the network, and to share such information with
the wider scientific community.
(2)
To offer technical advice and veterinary expertise to Member
Countries to assist in the prevention, diagnosis, surveillance and
control of avian influenza.
(3)
To collaborate with the WHO influenza network on issues
relating to the animal-human interface, including early preparation of
human vaccine.
(4)
To highlight avian influenza research needs, promote their
development and ensure co-ordination.
c.
Through an active and permanent scientific cooperation, the network
will develop and harmonise synergistic research projects in different parts of
the world. Sharing permanently updated scientific information and expertise
on efficient control methods of the animal disease will provide a pro-active
approach in helping infected countries to eradicate the disease and free
countries to protect themselves.
14.
Reference Laboratories
a.
OIE Reference Laboratories are designated to pursue all the scientific
and technical problems relating to a named disease on the OIE lists. The role
4-A-5
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
of a Reference Laboratory is to function as a centre of expertise and
standardisation of diagnostic techniques for its designated disease. The Expert,
responsible to the OIE and its Member Countries with regard to these issues,
should be a leading and active researcher helping the Reference Laboratory to
provide scientific and technical assistance and expert advice on topics linked
to surveillance and control of the disease for which the Reference Laboratory
is responsible. They may also provide scientific and technical training for
personnel from Member Countries, and coordinate scientific and technical
studies in collaboration with other laboratories or organisations (see OIE
Mandate and Internal Rules for Reference Laboratories).
b.
The OIE has a global network of 177 Reference Laboratories with 154
experts covering 95 diseases/topics in 32 countries, and 29 Collaborating
Centres covering 27 topics in 18 countries.
15.
The Collaborating Centres
OIE Collaborating Centres are centres of expertise in a specific designated
sphere of competence relating to the management of general questions on animal
health issues (for example epidemiology, risk analysis, etc.). In its designated field of
competence, they must provide their expertise internationally (see OIE Mandate and
Internal Rules for Collaborating Centres).
16.
Publications and documentation
a.
Publications produced by the World Organisation for Animal Health
(OIE) constitute a valuable source of documentation for the international
scientific community and facilitate progress in veterinary medicine worldwide. They cover the full spectrum of animal health issues throughout the
world and include periodicals, OIE international standards, world conference
proceedings, and publications dealing with important topical issues.
b.
OIE publications are divided into two categories:
(1)
Periodicals
(a)
Scientific and Technical Review.
(b)
Bulletin.
(c)
Disease Information.
(d)
World Animal Health.
(e)
Health standards
i.
Terrestrial Animal Health Code .
ii.
Aquatic Animal Health Code .
4-A-6
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
iii.
OIE Quality Standard and Guidelines for
Veterinary Laboratories: Infectious Diseases.
iv.
Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for
Terrestrial Animals.
v.
Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic
Animals.
(2)
Non-periodicals:
The technical series, thematic publications, joint publications,
international scientific conference proceedings, and compendiums of
technical items presented to the International Committee or to Regional
Committees of the OIE.
c.
All titles published by or co-published with the OIE in English, French
and/or Spanish, are presented in the OIE Publications Catalogue (accessible
from the homepage of the OIE Website) and are available for sale from the
OIE Online Bookshop.
d.
Documentation
The OIE documentation database, identifies the collection of its
periodicals and non periodicals, as well as some unofficial documents. It is
estimated that is consisted of 4,500 documents and provides a useful search
system with keywords, accessible via OIE’s homepage.
4-A-7
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
ANNEX B
OIE MEMBER’S LEGALITIES AND SPECIAL PROCEDURES
1.
Every Member Country of the OIE recognizes the right of the Organisation to
communicate directly with the Veterinary Administration of its territory or territories.
All notifications and all information sent by the OIE to the Veterinary Administration
shall be regarded as having been sent to the country concerned and all notifications
and all information sent to the OIE by the Veterinary Administration shall be regarded
as having been sent by the country concerned.
2.
Countries make available to other countries, through the OIE, whatever
information is necessary to minimise the spread of important animal diseases and to
assist in achieving better worldwide control of these diseases.
3.
Countries also provide information on the measures taken to prevent the
spread of diseases; including quarantine measures and restrictions on the movement of
animals, animal products and biological products and other miscellaneous objects
which could by their nature be responsible for transmission of disease. In the case of
diseases transmitted by vectors, the measures taken against such vectors should also
be specified.
4.
OIE official procedures and policy for Members wishing to apply
for recognition of animal disease status.
a.
In May 1994, the International Committee of the OIE requested the
Foot and Mouth Disease and Other Epizootics Commission (now called the
Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases) to develop a procedure for the
official recognition by the OIE of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) free
status of Members. The procedure has since been expanded to include official
recognition of freedom from rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
(CBPP) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). In 1998, the official
agreement between the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the OIE further
confirmed the OIE’s mandate to recognise disease- and pest-free areas
(Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures) for
trade purposes.
b.
Any Member that wishes to be included in the list of disease-free
countries or to change its status (for example, to move from the list of
countries or zones free where vaccination is practised to the list of countries or
zones where vaccination is not practised) sends a request to the OIE Director
General, accompanied by specific documentation and the relevant
questionnaires (FMD, Rinderpest, CBPP, BSE). The Director General then
submits the Member’s request to the Scientific Commission for evaluation.
Documentation including appendices should be in any of the three official
4-B-1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
languages of the OIE and should be supplied in hardcopy as well as in
electronic format.
c.
Members wishing to submit dossiers for evaluation by the Scientific
Commission should take note of the schedule of meetings of the Scientific
Commission and ad hoc Groups. To facilitate work at the OIE Central Bureau
and for optimal consideration by the respective ad hoc Group, Members are
kindly requested to submit their dossier and request 3 weeks prior to the
scheduled meeting. The Bureau of the Scientific Commission meets in June of
each year and meetings of the full Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases
are held in September and February. Meetings of the ad hoc Groups for
country evaluations are usually scheduled for the period from July to the end
of January to enable sufficient time for the Scientific Commission to evaluate
the recommendations of the ad hoc Groups and to circulate the tentative lists
of countries, territories or zones recommended for the allocation of disease
status, to Members for comment. The list of recommendations that will be
submitted to the International Committee for adoption during the General
Session in May each year is usually circulated to Members following the
meeting of the Scientific Commission and not later than the month of February
prior to the General Session to allow for the 60-day period for comments by
Members.
d.
The maintenance of a disease-free status is dependent on continued
compliance with the requirements of the Terrestrial Code for that specific
disease and immediate reporting by Members of any significant events that
may change that status. Failure to comply could result in the deletion of the
name of a Member from the official OIE list for that particular disease.
Members are obliged to notify the OIE in writing during November of each
year that the epidemiological situation in respect of each of the diseases for
which disease-free status was allocated by the International Committee, has
remained
unchanged.
e.
The detailed and updated framework of the procedures for Members
for the official recognition and maintenance of status for FMD, CBPP, BSE
and rinderpest are described in Resolutions XXII (procedure) and XXIII
(financial obligations for official disease status recognition), both adopted
during the 76th General Session. No payment is required for the evaluation of
disease status for rinderpest.
5.
OIE procedures for self-declaration by a Member of freedom from
OIE-listed diseases other than FMD, Rinderpest, CBPP and BSE.
a.
OIE Members also have the possibility to self-declare their entire
territory or a zone within their territory free from certain OIE-listed diseases
other than FMD, rinderpest, CBPP and BSE. In this case, Delegates are
advised to consult the Terrestrial Code or the Aquatic Animal Health Code to
verify whether specific requirements for self-declaration of freedom from that
particular disease are available. By providing the relevant epidemiological
4-B-2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
evidence, the OIE Member can prove to a potential importing country that the
entire country or a zone under discussion, meet the provisions of thespecific
disease chapter. Any submitted self-declaration should contain evidence
demonstrating that the requirements for the disease status have been met in
accordance with the OIE standards. The self-declaration of freedom from a
given OIE-listed disease (other than FMD, rinderpest, CBPP and BSE) is
under the responsibility of the Member concerned and the OIE is not
responsible for inaccurate publication of self-declarations of country or zonal
disease status based on inadequate information, changes in epidemiological
status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central
Bureau subsequent to the time of self-declaration of freedom for that given
disease.
b.
The self-declaration has to be signed by the Official OIE Delegate of
the OIE Member concerned. The data provided must conform to the
requirements described in the standard measures contained in the Terrestrial
or Aquatic Codes, respectively. Upon request of the OIE Delegate, a selfdeclaration may be published in the OIE Bulletin for information of all OIE
Members. The self-declaration for publication has to contain information
demonstrating that the requirements are met as described in the OIE standards.
4-B-3
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
LEXICON
The following terms and definitions are used in OIE s and for the purpose of this
document:
Animal: A mammal, bird or bee.
Animal for breeding or rearing: A domesticated or confined animal which is not
intended for slaughter within a short time.
Animal for slaughter: An animal intended for slaughter within a short time, under
the control of the relevant Veterinary Authority.
Animal health status: The status of a country or a zone with respect to an animal
disease, according to the criteria of the OIE Code dealing with the disease.
Apiary: A collection of hives situated in the same bee-keeping establishment.
Approved abattoir: Premises used for the slaughter of animals for human
consumption or animal feeding and approved by the Veterinary
Administration for export purposes.
Area of direct transit: A special area established in a transit country, approved by
the relevant Veterinary Administration and placed under its immediate control,
where animals stay for a short time pending further transport to their final
destination.
Artificial insemination centre: A facility for the production of semen approved by
the Veterinary Administration and used exclusively for donor animals which
meet the conditions set out in OIE Code.
Biological products:
a.
biological reagents for use in the diagnosis of certain diseases;
b.
sera for use in the prevention or treatment of certain diseases;
c.
inactivated or live vaccines for use in vaccination against certain
animal diseases;
d.
microbial genetic material.
Border post: Any airport, or any port, railway station or road check-point open to
international trade of commodities, where import veterinary inspections can be
performed.
Breeding birds: Birds kept for the purpose of producing hatching eggs.
Case: An individual animal affected by an infectious or parasitic disease.
LEX - 1
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
Code: The OIE International Animal Health Code.
Collecting centre: Premises or place where animals for breeding, rearing or
slaughter coming from different establishments or markets are collected
together. These premises should meet the following standards:
a.
Being under the control of an Official Veterinarian.
b.
Not located in an infected zone.
c.
Being used only for animals for breeding, rearing or slaughter which
meet the conditions of the OIE Code.
d.
Being disinfected before and after use.
Collection centre: A facility approved by the Veterinary Administration for the
collection of embryos/ova and used exclusively for donor animals which meet
the conditions of the OIE Code.
Commodity: Animals, products of animal origin intended for human consumption,
for animal feeding, for pharmaceutical or surgical use or for agricultural or
industrial use, semen, embryos/ova, biological products and pathological
material.
Day-old birds: Birds aged not more than 72 hours after hatching.
Disinfection: The application, after thorough cleansing, of procedures intended to
destroy the infectious or parasitic agents of animal diseases, including
zoonoses; this applies to premises, vehicles and different objects which may
have been directly or indirectly contaminated.
Disinsectisation: The application of procedures intended to eliminate arthropods
which may cause diseases or are potential vectors of infectious agents of
animal diseases, including zoonoses.
Establishment: The premises in which animals are kept.
Exporting country: A country from which commodities are sent to another country.
Flock of birds: Any group of birds continuously housed in one building or part of a
building separated from other parts of that building by a solid partition and
having its own ventilation system, or, in the case of free range birds, any group
of birds having common access to one or more buildings or houses. More than
one flock of birds may exist in one establishment.
Free zone: A clearly defined territory within a country in which no case of a disease
included in the OIE Code has been reported during the period stated for such a
LEX - 2
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
disease in the OIE Code, and within which and at the borders of which official
veterinary control is effectively applied for animals and animal products, and
their transportation.
Fresh meat: Meat that has not been subjected to any treatment irreversibly modifying
its organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. This includes frozen
meat, chilled meat, minced meat and mechanically recovered meat.
Hatching eggs: Fertilised bird eggs, suitable for incubation and hatching.
Importing country: A country that is the final destination to which commodities are
sent.
Incidence: The number of new cases or outbreaks of a disease that occur in a
population at risk in a particular geographical area within a defined time
interval.
Incubation period: The longest period which elapses between the introduction of the
pathogen into the animal and the occurrence of the first clinical signs of the
disease.
Infected zone: A clearly defined territory within a country in which a disease
included in this Code has been diagnosed. This area must be clearly defined
and decreed by the Veterinary Authority taking into consideration the
environment, the different ecological and geographical factors as well as all
the epidemiological factors and types of animal husbandry being practiced.
The territory in question should be part of a country with a radius from the
centre or centers of the disease of at least 10 kilometers in areas with intensive
livestock-raising and 50 kilometers in areas where extensive livestock-raising
is practiced.
Within and at the border of an infected zone, there must be effective official
veterinary control in operation for animals and animal products, and their
transportation.
The length of time during which the infected zone is maintained will vary
depending on the disease and the animal health measures and control methods
applied.
Infective period: The longest period during which an affected animal can be a source
of infection.
International animal health certificate: A certificate issued by an Official
Veterinarian of the exporting country, certifying the state of good health of the
animal or animals, and giving particulars where applicable of the biological
test or tests to which the animal or animals has or have been subjected and the
vaccination or vaccinations carried out on the animal or animals which is or
are the subject of the certificate, and which may be either individual or
collective certificates depending on the species of animals under consideration
or the particular conditions of the shipment; this term also applies to a
LEX - 3
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
certificate covering semen, embryos/ova, hatching eggs, brood-combs of bees,
giving particulars of the measures taken to prevent the spread of epizootics.
International notification: The procedure of spreading information between the OIE
Headquarters and the Veterinary Administrations of Member Countries, in
case of of the suspicion or confirmation of an outbreak of an animal disease.
International sanitary certificate: A certificate issued by an Official Veterinarian
certifying that the meat or animal products destined for food conform with
recognized international standards for veterinary food hygiene and/or animal
health.
International trade: Importation, exportation and transit of commodities.
Laboratory: A properly equipped institution staffed by technically competent
personnel under the control of a specialist in veterinary diagnostic methods,
who is responsible for the validity of the results. The Veterinary
Administration approves and monitors such laboratories with regard to the
diagnostic tests required for international trade.
Laying birds: Birds kept for the purpose of producing eggs not intended for hatching.
Manual: The OIE Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines.
Market: A market which complies with the following:
a.
Is placed under the control of an Official Veterinarian.
b.
Is not located in an infected zone.
c.
Is used only for animals for breeding, rearing or slaughter which
conform with the conditions provided in the Code.
d.
Is disinfected before and after use.
Meat: All edible parts of an animal.
Meat-and-bone meal: The protein product obtained when waste animal tissues are
treated by heat (rendered), and includes any intermediate protein product.
Meat products: Meat that has been subjected to a treatment irreversibly modifying its
organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics.
Notifiable disease: A disease listed by the Veterinary Administration, and that, as
soon as detected or suspected, must be brought to the attention of the
Veterinary Authority.
LEX - 4
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
Official Veterinarian: A veterinarian authorised by the Veterinary Administration of
the country to perform animal health and/or public health inspections of
commodities and, when appropriate, perform certification in conformity with
the provisions set by OIE.
Official veterinary control: The Veterinary Authority knows the location of the
animals and the identity of their owner or responsible keeper and is able to
apply appropriate animal health measures, as required.
OIE Listed Diseases : The List of transmissible diseases which have the potential for
very serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, which are of
serious socio-economic or public health consequence and which are of major
importance in the international trade of animals and animal products. Reports
are submitted to the OIE as often as necessary to comply with World Animal
Health Information System. OIE Listed Diseases are set out in Chapter 1ANNEX A.
Outbreak of disease: An occurrence of one of the OIE Listed diseases in an
agricultural establishment, breeding establishment or premises, including all
buildings and all adjoining premises, where animals are present. Where it
cannot be defined in this way, the outbreak shall be considered as occurring in
the part of the territory in which, taking local conditions into account, it cannot
be guaranteed that both susceptible and non-susceptible animals have had no
direct contact with affected or suspected cases in that area. For example, in the
case of certain parts of Africa, an outbreak means the occurrence of the disease
within a sixteenth square degree; the occurrence is still referred to as an
outbreak even though the disease may occur in several places within the same
sixteenth square degree.
Pathological material: Samples obtained from live or dead animals, containing or
suspected of containing infectious or parasitic agents, to be sent to a
laboratory.
Place of shipment: The place where the commodities are loaded into the vehicle or
handed to the agency that will transport them to another country.
Prevalence: The total number of cases or outbreaks of a disease that are present in a
population at risk, in a particular geographical area, at one specified time.
Products of animal origin intended for human consumption: Fresh meat, meat
products, gelatin, eggs, egg products, milk, milk products and honey, when
intended for human consumption.
LEX - 5
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
AMedP-26
Products of animal origin intended for agricultural or industrial use: Products of
animal origin, except those intended for food for human consumption,
pharmaceutical or surgical purposes and animal feeding.
Products of animal origin intended for pharmaceutical or surgical use: Animal
organs, tissues and organic fluids to be used in the preparation of
pharmaceutical products or of surgical devices.
Products of animal origin intended for use in animal feeding: Meat-meal, livermeal, bone-meal, blood-meal, feather-meal, pork fat and milk products when
intended for use in animal feeding.
Quarantine station: A facility under the control of the Veterinary Authority where a
group of animals is maintained in isolation, with no direct or indirect contact
with other animals, in order to undergo observation for a specified length of
time and, if appropriate, testing and treatment.
Stamping-out policy: Carrying out under the authority of the Veterinary
Administration, on confirmation of a disease, the killing of the animals which
are affected and those suspected of being affected in the herd and, where
appropriate, those in other herds which have been exposed to infection by
direct animal to animal contact, or by indirect contact of a kind likely to cause
the transmission of the causal pathogen. All susceptible animals, vaccinated or
unvaccinated, on an infected premises should be killed and their carcasses
destroyed by burning or burial, or by any other method which will eliminate
the spread of infection. This policy should be accompanied by the cleansing
and disinfection procedures defined in the OIE Code. The term modified
stamping-out policy should be used in communications to the OIE whenever
the above animal health measures are not implemented in full and details of
the modifications should be given.
Transit country: A country through which commodities destined for an importing
country are transported or in which a stopover is made at a border post.
Vehicle: Any method of transport by land, air or water.
Veterinary Administration: The National Veterinary Service having authority in the
whole country for implementing and supervising or auditing the carrying out
of the animal health measures and certification process which the OIE Code
recommends.
Veterinary Authority ; A Veterinary Service, under the jurisdiction of the Veterinary
Administration, which is directly responsible for the application of animal
health measures and for supervising the issuing of international animal health
and international sanitary certificates in a specified area of the country.
LEX - 6
RATIFICATION DRAFT
NATO UNCLASSIFIED