Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Personal information management wikipedia , lookup
Ecological interface design wikipedia , lookup
Human–computer interaction wikipedia , lookup
History of artificial intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Collaborative information seeking wikipedia , lookup
Personal knowledge base wikipedia , lookup
FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition Chapter 7 Knowledge Management and Specialized Information Systems FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 1 PrinciplesandLearningObjectives • Knowledgemanagementallowsorganizations toshareknowledgeandexperienceamong managersandemployees – Discussthedifferencesamongdata,information, andknowledge – Describetheroleofthechiefknowledgeofficer (CKO) – Listsomeofthetoolsandtechniquesusedin knowledgemanagement FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 2 PrinciplesandLearningObjectives (continued) Artificialintelligencesystemsformabroadanddiversesetof systemsthatcanreplicatehumandecisionmakingforcertain typesofwell-definedproblems – Definethetermartificialintelligenceandstatethe objectiveofdevelopingartificialintelligencesystems – Listthecharacteristicsofintelligentbehaviorandcompare theperformanceofnaturalandartificialintelligence systemsforeachofthesecharacteristics – Identifythemajorcomponentsoftheartificialintelligence fieldandprovideoneexampleofeachtypeofsystem FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 3 PrinciplesandLearningObjectives (continued) • Expertsystemscanenableanovicetoperform atthelevelofanexpertbutmustbe developedandmaintainedverycarefully – Listthecharacteristicsandbasiccomponentsof expertsystems – Outlineandbrieflyexplainthestepsfor developinganexpertsystem – Identifythebenefitsassociatedwiththeuseof expertsystems FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 4 PrinciplesandLearningObjectives (continued) • Multimediaandvirtualrealitysystemscan reshapetheinterfacebetweenpeopleand informationtechnologybyofferingnewways tocommunicateinformation,visualize processes,andexpressideascreatively – Discusstheuseofmultimediainabusinesssetting – Definethetermvirtualrealityandprovidethree examplesofvirtualrealityapplications FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 5 PrinciplesandLearningObjectives (continued) • Specializedsystemscanhelporganizations andindividualsachievetheirgoals – Discussexamplesofspecializedsystemsfor organizationalandindividualuse FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 6 WhyLearnAboutKnowledge ManagementandSpecialized InformationSystems? • Knowledgemanagementandspecialized informationsystemsareusedinalmostevery industry • Learningaboutthesesystems: – Willhelpyoudiscovernewwaystouse informationsystemsinyourday-to-daywork FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 7 KnowledgeManagementSystems • Dataconsistsofrawfacts • Information: – Collectionoffactsorganizedsothattheyhave additionalvaluebeyondthevalueofthefacts themselves • Knowledge: – Awarenessandunderstandingofasetof informationandthewaysthatinformationcanbe madeusefultosupportaspecifictaskorreacha decision FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 8 KnowledgeManagementSystems (continued) • Knowledgemanagementsystem(KMS): – Organizedcollectionofpeople,procedures, software,databases,anddevices – Usedtocreate,store,share,andusethe organization’sknowledgeandexperience FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 9 KnowledgeManagementSystems FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 10 OverviewofKnowledge ManagementSystems • Explicitknowledge: – Objective – Canbemeasuredanddocumentedinreports, papers,andrules • Tacitknowledge: – Hardtomeasureanddocument – Typicallynotobjectiveorformalized • Manyorganizationsattempttoconverttacit knowledgetoexplicitknowledge FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 11 DataandKnowledgeManagement WorkersandCommunitiesof Practice • Dataworkers: – Secretaries,administrativeassistants, bookkeepers,dataentrypeople,etc. • Knowledgeworkers: – Create,use,anddisseminateknowledge – Professionalsinscience,engineering,orbusiness; writers;researchers;educators;corporate designers;etc. FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 12 DataandKnowledgeManagement WorkersandCommunitiesof Practice(continued) • Chiefknowledgeofficer(CKO): – Top-levelexecutivewhohelpstheorganization useaKMStocreate,store,anduseknowledgeto achieveorganizationalgoals • Communitiesofpractice(COP): – Groupofpeoplededicatedtoacommondiscipline orpractice – Maybeusedtocreate,store,andshare knowledge FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 13 Obtaining,Storing,Sharing,and UsingKnowledge • Knowledgeworkers: – Oftenworkinteams – Canusecollaborativeworksoftwareandgroup supportsystemstoshareknowledge • Knowledgerepository: – Includesdocuments,reports,files,anddatabases • Knowledgemappointstheknowledgeworker totheneededknowledge FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 14 Obtaining,Storing,Sharing,and UsingKnowledge(continued) FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 15 TechnologytoSupportKnowledge Management • EffectiveKMS: – Isbasedonlearningnewknowledgeandchanging proceduresandapproachesasaresult • Dataminingandbusinessintelligencecanhelp captureanduseknowledge • IBMLotusNotesandMicrosoftDashboard, WebStoreTechnology,andAccessWorkflow Designerareknowledgemanagementtools FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 16 TechnologytoSupportKnowledge Management(continued) FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 17 AnOverviewofArtificial Intelligence • Artificialintelligence(AI): – Computerswiththeabilitytomimicorduplicate thefunctionsofthehumanbrain • ComputersystemsthatusethenotionofAI: – PlayJeopardy – Helptomakemedicaldiagnoses – Pickandtradestocks FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 18 ArtificialIntelligenceinPerspective • Artificialintelligencesystems: – Includethepeople,procedures,hardware, software,data,andknowledgeneededtodevelop computersystemsandmachinesthat demonstratecharacteristicsofintelligence FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 19 TheNatureofIntelligence • TuringTest: – Determineswhetherresponsesfromacomputerwith intelligentbehaviorareindistinguishablefromthosefrom ahumanbeing • Characteristicsofintelligentbehaviorincludetheabilityto: – Learnfromexperiencesandapplyknowledgeacquired fromexperience – Handlecomplexsituations – Solveproblemswhenimportantinformationismissing FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 20 TheNatureofIntelligence (continued) • Characteristicsofintelligentbehaviorinclude theabilityto(continued): – Determinewhatisimportant – Reactquicklyandcorrectlytoanewsituation – Understandvisualimages – Processandmanipulatesymbols – Becreativeandimaginative – Useheuristics FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 21 TheBrainComputerInterface • BrainComputerInterface(BCI): – Ideaistodirectlyconnectthehumanbraintoa computerandhavehumanthoughtcontrol computeractivities • Ifsuccessful: – TheBCIexperimentwillallowpeopletocontrol computersandartificialarmsandlegsthrough thoughtalone FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 22 TheMajorBranchesofArtificial Intelligence • AIisabroadfieldthatincludes: – Expertsystemsandrobotics – Visionsystemsandnaturallanguageprocessing – Learningsystemsandneuralnetworks • Expertsystems: – Hardwareandsoftwarethatstoresknowledgeand makesinferences,similartoahumanexpert FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 23 TheMajorBranchesofArtificial Intelligence(continued) FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 24 Robotics • Developingmechanicaldevicesthatcan: – Paintcars,makeprecisionwelds,andperform othertasksthatrequireahighdegreeofprecision • Manufacturersuserobotstoassembleand paintproducts • Contemporaryrobotics: – Combinebothhigh-precisionmachinecapabilities andsophisticatedcontrollingsoftware FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 25 VisionSystems • Hardwareandsoftwarethatpermit computerstocapture,store,andmanipulate visualimagesandpictures • Effectiveatidentifyingpeoplebasedonfacial features FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 26 NaturalLanguageProcessingand VoiceRecognition • Processingthatallowsthecomputerto understandandreacttostatementsand commandsmadeina“natural”language,such asEnglish • Voicerecognition: – Convertingsoundwavesintowords FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 27 LearningSystems • Combinationofsoftwareandhardwarethat: – Allowsthecomputertochangehowitfunctions orreactstosituationsbasedonfeedbackit receives • Learningsystemssoftware: – Requiresfeedbackonresultsofactionsor decisions FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 28 NeuralNetworks • Computersystemthatsimulatesfunctioning ofahumanbrain • Canprocessmanypiecesofdataatthesame timeandlearntorecognizepatterns • Neuralnetworkprogram: – Helpsengineerssloworspeeddrillingoperations tohelpincreasedrillingaccuracyandreducecosts FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 29 OtherArtificialIntelligence Applications • Geneticalgorithm: – Approachtosolvingcomplexproblemsinwhicha numberofrelatedoperationsormodelschange andevolveuntilthebestoneemerges • Intelligentagent: – Programsandaknowledgebaseusedtoperform aspecifictaskforaperson,aprocess,oranother program FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 30 AnOverviewofExpertSystems • Computerizedexpertsystems: – Useheuristics,orrulesofthumb,toarriveat conclusionsormakesuggestions • TheU.S.Army: – UsestheKnowledgeandInformationFusion Exchange(KnIFE)expertsystemtohelpsoldiersin thefieldmakebettermilitarydecisions FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 31 WhentoUseExpertSystems • Peopleandorganizationsshoulddevelopan expertsystemifitcan: – Provideahighpotentialpayofforsignificantly reducedownsiderisk – Captureandpreserveirreplaceablehuman expertise – Solveaproblemthatisnoteasilysolvedusing traditionalprogrammingtechniques – Developasystemmoreconsistentthanhuman experts FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 32 WhentoUseExpertSystems (continued) • Peopleandorganizationsshoulddevelopan expertsystemifitcan(continued): – Provideexpertiseneededatanumberoflocations atthesametimeorinahostileenvironmentthat isdangeroustohumanhealth – Provideexpertisethatisexpensiveorrare – Developasolutionfasterthanhumanexpertscan – Provideexpertiseneededfortrainingand development FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 33 ComponentsofExpertSystems • Expertsystem: – Consistsofacollectionofintegratedandrelated components • Knowledgebase: – Storesallrelevantinformation,data,rules,cases, andrelationshipsusedbyexpertsystem – Createsknowledgebaseby: • Usingrules • Usingcases FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 34 ComponentsofExpertSystems (continued) FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 35 TheInferenceEngine • Purpose: – Toseekinformationandrelationshipsfromthe knowledgebase – Toprovideanswers,predictions,andsuggestions, likeahumanexpert FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 36 TheExplanationFacility • Allowsauserordecisionmakertounderstand howtheexpertsystemarrivedatcertain conclusionsorresults • Example: – Adoctorcanfindoutthelogicorrationaleofa diagnosismadebyamedicalexpertsystem FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 37 TheKnowledgeAcquisitionFacility • Providesconvenientandefficientmeansof capturingandstoringallcomponentsof knowledgebase • Knowledgeacquisitionsoftware: – Canpresentusersanddecisionmakerswitheasyto-usemenus FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 38 TheKnowledgeAcquisitionFacility (continued) FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 39 TheUserInterface • Permitsdecisionmakerstodevelopanduse theirownexpertsystems • Mainpurpose: – Tomakedevelopmentanduseofanexpert systemeasierforusersanddecisionmakers FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 40 ParticipantsinDevelopingand UsingExpertSystems • Domainexpert: – Personorgroupwiththeexpertiseorknowledge theexpertsystemistryingtocapture • Knowledgeengineer: – Personwhohastrainingorexperienceinthe design,development,implementation,and maintenanceofanexpertsystem • Knowledgeuser: – Personorgroupwhousesandbenefitsfromthe expertsystem FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 41 ParticipantsinDevelopingand UsingExpertSystems(continued) FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 42 ExpertSystemsDevelopmentTools andTechniques • Theoretically,expertsystemscanbe developedfromanyprogramminglanguage • Expertsystemshellsandproducts: – Collectionsofsoftwarepackagesandtoolsusedto design,develop,implement,andmaintainexpert systems FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 43 ExpertSystemsDevelopmentTools andTechniques(continued) FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 44 MultimediaandVirtualReality • Useofmultimediaandvirtualreality: – Hashelpedmanycompaniesachievea competitiveadvantageandincreaseprofits • Theapproachandtechnologyusedin multimedia: – Isoftenthefoundationofvirtualrealitysystems FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 45 OverviewofMultimedia • Multimediais: – Textandgraphics – Audio – Videoandanimation – Fileconversionandcompression • Designingamultimediaapplication: – Requirescarefulthoughtandasystematic approach – Requiresthattheenduseofthedocumentorfile becarefullyconsidered FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 46 OverviewofVirtualReality • Virtualrealitysystem: – Enablesoneormoreuserstomoveandreactina computer-simulatedenvironment • Immersivevirtualreality: – Userbecomesfullyimmersedinanartificial,3D worldthatiscompletelygeneratedbyacomputer FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 47 InterfaceDevices • Toseeinavirtualworld: – Oftentheuserwearsahead-mounteddisplay (HMD)withscreensdirectedateacheye • Hapticinterface: – Relayssenseoftouchandothersensationsina virtualworld – Mostchallengingtocreate FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 48 FormsofVirtualReality • Immersivevirtualreality • Applicationsthatarenotfullyimmersive: – Mouse-controllednavigationthrougha3D environmentonagraphicsmonitor – Stereoprojectionsystems – Stereoviewingfromthemonitorviastereoglasses FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 49 VirtualRealityApplications • Medicine: – VRprogramcalledSnowWorldhelpstreatburn patients • Educationandtraining: – Virtualtechnologyhasalsobeenappliedbythe military FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 50 VirtualRealityApplications (continued) • BusinessandCommerce: – Boeingusedvirtualrealitytohelpitdesignand manufactureairplanepartsandnewplanes • Entertainment: – MoviesuseCGItobringrealismtothesilver screen FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 51 SpecializedSystems • Segway: – Usessophisticatedsoftware,sensors,andgyro motorstotransportpeople • RadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)tags: – Containsmallchipswithinformationabout productsorpackages – Canbequicklyscannedtoperforminventory control FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 52 SpecializedSystems(continued) • Gametheory: – Involvestheuseofinformationsystemsto developcompetitivestrategiesforpeople, organizations,orevencountries • Informatics: – Combinestraditionaldisciplines,suchasscience andmedicine,withcomputersystemsand technology FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 53 Summary • Knowledge: – Awarenessandunderstandingofasetof information • Knowledgeworkers: – Peoplewhocreate,use,anddisseminate knowledge • Artificialintelligence: – Broadfieldthatincludes: • Expertsystems,robotics,visionsystems • Naturallanguageprocessing,learningsystems,and neuralnetworks FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 54 Summary(continued) • Expertsystemconsistsofacollectionof integratedandrelatedcomponents • Inferenceengine: – Processestherules,data,andrelationshipsstored intheknowledgebase • Virtualrealitysystem: – Enablesoneormoreuserstomoveandreactina computer-simulatedenvironment FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 55 Summary(continued) • Virtualreality: – Canrefertoapplicationsthatarenotfully immersive • Specializedsystems: – Segway – RadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)tags – Gametheory FundamentalsofInformationSystems, SeventhEdition 56