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Transcript
Insects and Related Pests in the Greenhouse Presented by Terry Ferriss, PhD University of Wisconsin—River Falls Common Pests in the Greenhouse Aphids Thripse Fungus gnats Shore flies Whiteflies Red spider mites Cyclamen mites Leafminer Mealy bugs Scales Aphids Description: 1/8” in size black to green in color winged and wingless “tail-pipes” “Y” shaped vein at wing tip Location on plant: Feeding: piercing - sucking mouth Found on entire plant (growing tips to roots) Primarily buds Underside of leaves Stems Signs/Symptoms: Distorted new growth / chlorosis Chlorotic pin-point spots on older leaves Honeydew and sooty mold Honeydew and Sooty Mold Aphids & many other insects frequently excrete: Honeydew” --- shiny, sticky Ants love to eat “honeydew” Sooty mold grows vigorously on “honeydew” Aphids (cont.) Reproduction: Female nymphs give birth to other females without mating Males and females appear outdoor as winter approaches – mate eggs overwinter 7 day life cycle possible !!! Aphid’s Lifecycle From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Aphid From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Aphid damage to a chrysanthemum Controlling Aphids Common crops: impatiens, dahlia, cineraria , peppers, tomatoes Management: Avoid high N fertilization wash aphids off plant Aphidied parasitic wasp Enstar (IGR) Horticultural Oil Orthene Others ….. Thrips Description: 1/32”-1/25” Feeding: Rasping - sucking mouth Location on plant: 2 pairs of wings dark brown / cigar shaped may be confused with a speck of dirt on sticky card in buds, in flowers, in leaf axils, between bulb scales Signs/symptoms: White to silver feeding scars/streaks on new growth (turn tan to brown) Distorted or malformed foliage/flowers Stunted growth Carry virus (TSWV, INSV) Thrips Reproduction: Can complete in 2 weeks Warm or cool temps Pupates in soil Thrips’s Lifecycle From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Thrips Thrips damage Controlling Thrips Common crops: geraniums, chrysanthemums, impatiens Management: Build resistance to chemicals quickly Sugar bait to increase exposure CO2 = irritant and increases exposure Contact chemicals: deliver as small particle size to reach thrips hidden in leaf axils and buds. (several including Marathon, Avid) Biological control Is it a fungus gnat or a shore fly??? Fungus gnat Short fly Resemblance Tiny mosquito Tiny fruit fly Legs/antennae Long Short Wings Clear w/ a distrinct Y shaped vein Five light spots on each gray wing Food source Plants, organic matter in soil, fungi algae Fungus gnat vs. Shore fly From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Fungus gnats Description: 1/16”-1/8” Location : Larvae are in soil feeding on decaying OM Adults do not feed but fly around plants and lay eggs in soil Signs/symptoms: adult looks like a tiny mosquito larvae: worm-like white with black head (1/4 “) Larvae can injure roots if high populations Adults do not cause direct damage to the plant but can carry fungal spores and are very undesirable. Possible lack of vigor, chlorosis Common crops: any plant in high organic media Fungus gnat lifecycle (20 – 30 days) From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Fungus gnat From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Controlling Fungus gnats Management: Avoid algae in the area Keep floors as dry as possible Clean up spilled media Eliminate weeds BT (Bacillis thurengiensis) Chemical options Shore Fly From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Shore Flies Description: 1/8” Location on plant: No direct injury to plants, but shore flies may carry plant pathogens Common crops: Favor damp areas and algal growth Signs/symptoms: dark in color, looks like tiny fruit fly Found on any crop around damp areas Management: Keep algae growth down, watch fertilizer and water runoff, chemical and biological control Shore Fly’s Lifecycle From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Whiteflies Description: 1/16”-1/8” Location on plant: Underside of leaves (10 young lvs) fly when disturbed Feeding: wings covered with white waxy powder yellow-orange body Breed in oxalis and other weeds Life cycle of 4-5 weeks Piercing-sucking mouth part Signs/symptoms: Chlorosis may leave honeydew Whitefly’s Life cycle From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Whitefly From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Whiteflies (cont.) Sweet potato WF vs Poinsettia WF SPWF: moves slower / larger enstar / flies further / grayer PWF: reproduces 30% faster Common crops: poinsettia, geranium, tomato, pepper, fuschia Controlling Whiteflies Management: Weed control Enstar (IGR) Encarsia formosa Horticultural oil Chemical control (in nymph or adult stage) Marathon Pyrethrum others Red Spider Mite (2 –spotted red spider mite) Description: .007”-.015” Location on plant: Underside of leaves and on flowers Favorable conditions: Red or orange in color Low relative humidity and high temperatures Signs/symptoms: Chlorotic stippling on upper leaf surface Yellow / bronzing of foliage – dry lvs If severe will see webbing cthr.hawaii.edu Red Spider Mite Lifecycle From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Red spider mite Photo: NCSU Photo: mumsanddahlias.com gardenscure.com Controlling Red Spider Mites Common crops: English ivy, marigold, foliage plants, ivy geranium Management: Wash underside of leaves Humidity / temp control Parasitic mites kenyon.edu Biological sprays Miticides effective only on adults Cyclamen Mite Description: .007”-.015” Location on plant: Signs/symptoms: Distorted or stunted new growth, blackened shoot tips Common crops: Growing tips African violet, new guinea impatients, ivy, clematis Management: Rouge out infested plants, chemical control Cyclamen Mite From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Leafminer Description: 1/16”, stout bodied flies that are black and may have a bright yellow thorax Location on plant: High nitrogen levels Signs/symptoms: Leaves Favorable conditions: Common crops: Punctured leaves where females lay eggs “Mines” through leaves after eggs hatch marigold, chrysanthemum, petunia Management: Resistant varieties, chemical/biological controls Leafminer’s Lifecycle From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Leafminer Leafminer damage From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Mealybug Description: 1/8”-1/4” Location on plant: soft-bodied insect covered in a white, waxy secretion Leaf axils, leaf midribs, underside of leaves Signs/symptoms: Honeydew on leaves, leaf yellowing and leaf drop, cottony white masses in leaf axils and underside of leaves, new growth is distorted Mealybug Common crops: Foliage plants Signs / symptoms: “spitballs” in leaf axils and along veins Stunted growth Chlorosis of adjacent plant parts Feeding: Piercing-sucking mouth part Management: Rouge out infested plants, wash off plants, chemical control (nymphs are most susceptible), biological control Mealybug Lifecycle Mealybug From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Scales Description: 2-5mm soft and white to hard and dark bodied Signs/symptoms: Feeding: piercing sucking mouth Common crops: Location on plant: Stem, flowers, fruits, roots, crown Silver streaking honeydew on plant, Chlorosis woody interiorscape plants, amaranthus Management: Destroy infested plants chemical and biological controls Scales’s Lifecycle From: Nelson, Greenhouse Mgmt book Scales University of Wisconsin—River Falls Thank you Terry Ferriss, PhD