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SCIENCE STARTER #1 – 9/21/16 • What makes up an atom? Draw an atom • GRAB A NEW GREEN SHEET FROM THE FRONT • TAKE OUT YOUR COVER PAGE TO BE STAMPED NOTES 2.1: CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2 PG. 31-35 LIFE IS MADE OF ATOMS • Smallest unit is an atom • Nucleus: center/core is most of the mass of the atom • protons: + (positive) • neutrons: 0 (neutral) • Orbital: outer region around the nucleus • electrons (e-): - (negative) WE ARE MADE OF ELEMENTS • Element - Pure substance that can’t be broken into other types of matter • Each element has its own symbol and specific number of protons • Atomic number: number of protons • Atomic mass: number of protons + neutrons IONS • Ion: charged atom due to gaining or losing electrons • Remember electrons are negative • Lose e-, ion will be POSITIVE • Gain e-, ion will be NEGATIVE • Ex. Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ ISOTOPES • Isotope: different number of neutrons changes the mass, but NOT the element • EX. C12 vs C14 • Carbon 14 is heavier since it has two more neutrons COMPOUNDS • Compound: substance made up of 2 or more elements • Compound behave differently than individual elements • EX. Na vs NaCl COMPOUNDS • Compounds are held together by bonds • Covalent bonds (strong): 2 or more atoms share electrons • Ionic bonds (weak): attractions between + and – ions by transferring electrons PROPERTIES OF WATER • Water has a positive (+) and a negative (-) pole • Pulls apart ionic molecules like NaCl WATER BONDING • Hydrogen bonds: bonds BETWEEN water molecules (the hydrogen from one water molecule bonds with the oxygen from another water molecule) • Bond strength: • Covalent > Ionic > Hydrogen CHEMICAL REACTIONS (RXN) • NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O • Reactants Products • Activation energy: amount of energy needed to start the reaction • Reactants: compounds that are rearranged • Left side • Products: compounds that are created • Right side CHEMICAL REACTIONS (RXN) • NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O • Reactants Products • Exergonic/exothermic: release energy like heat, explosion, light etc. – feels hot • Endergonic/endothermic: requires energy to occur and takes it from the environment – feels cold ACTIVATION ENERGY • Activation Energy (EA) - energy needed to start a reaction NEED TO MEMORIZE THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS FOR YOUR QUIZ AND TEST! • ELEMENTS • • • • • • • • H: hydrogen O: oxygen N: nitrogen C: carbon Na: sodium Cl: chlorine K: potassium S: sulfur • COMPOUNDS • • • • • • H2O: water NaCl: sodium chloride/salt H2SO4: sulfuric acid HCl: hydrochloric acid NaOH: sodium hydroxide CO2: carbon dioxide • O2: oxygen gas