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Disposing of Wastes
Regulation of body fluids
conditions
outside the
cell
Fig 6.16 Page106
Tonicity of Cells
Fluid elimination per minute
(µm3/100µm3 of protoplasm)
7
6
5
4
contractile
vacuole
3
2
0
10
20
30
40
Osmotic concentration of medium
(% of seawater concentration)
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3
Amoeba proteus
1
0
50
Plant cells respond to their environmental solution
The plant cell wall prevents bursting. A plant cell is normally
bathed in a very hypotonic solution. It takes in water until the
cell is full.
cells moved to sucrose solution
plasmolysis
A plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution loses water.
Ultimately outward flow stops when the cytosol concentration
matches that of the solution.
http://botanika.biologija.org/zeleniskrat/slike/slike_drobnogled/Elodea/Elodea_list02.jpg
cells in water
µg element ml-1 sap
Yearly changes in nitrogen and potassium concentrations
in xylem sap of apple trees in New Zealand
200
blossom time
mid-summer
K
160
autumn
fruit harvest
120
80
spring
N
40
0
Aug
Oct
Dec
Feb
Apr
Jun
sampling date
The range of concentrations are far greater
than animal cells could tolerate
Ion concentration in sea water and body fluids (mM)
Na+
Ca2+
K+
Mg2+
Cl-
470
9.9
10.2
53.6
548
Jellyfish (Aurelia)
454
10.2
9.7
51.0
554
Sea urchin (Echinus)
444
9.6
9.9
50.2
522
Lobster (Homarus)
472
10.0
15.6
6.8
470
Crab (Carcinus)
468
12.1
17.5
23.6
524
Mussel (Anodonta)
14
0.3
11.0
0.3
12
Crayfish (Cambarus)
146
3.9
8.1
4.3
139
161
7.9
4.0
5.6
144
Honeybee (Apis)
11
31.0
18.0
21.0
--
Japanese beetle (Popillia)
20
10.0
16.0
39.0
19
Chicken (Gallus)
154
6
5.6
2.3
122
Human (Homo)
140
4.5
2.4
0.9
100
Sea Water
http://www.pacificislandbooks.com/aurelia.jpg
Marine invertebrates
Freshwater invertebrates
Terrestrial animals
Cockroach (Periplaneta)
What conclusion do you draw from this?
Osmotic concentration of body fluids
Which invertebrate shows osmotic regulation?
Carcinus
Maia
http://www.peixosdepalamos.com/img/p
roductes/fitxa_productes/cabra.jpg
http://www.marine.csiro.au/crimp/images/
NIMPIS/Carcinus_maenas2.jpg
Nereis
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/1/18/Nereis_succinea_(epitoke).jpg
/800px-Nereis_succinea_(epitoke).jpg
Salt Water Brackish Water Fresh Water
Osmotic concentration of medium
This cartoon is shows a section of a bivalve.
hinge and ligament
shell
heart
nephridium
intestine
mantle
gonad
gills
foot
Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste.
NH3
Na+
H2O
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Planaria excretory system
Flame cell
Lumbricus terrestris
http://iris.cnice.mecd.es/biosfera/alumno/
1bachillerato/animal/imagenes/nervio/
lumbricus.jpg
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Each earthworm segment has its
own nephridium
Earthworm (Lumbricus) nephridium
Na+
H 2O
Ion pumping removes
Na+
Reabsorption into
Water follows
capillaries
osmotically
nephrostome
Concentrated
urine empties
through the
outside body NH3
wall
nephridiopore
NH3
Pressure forces
Na+
coelomic fluid into
H 2O
opening
Insects use Malpighian tubules for waste elimination
Malpighian tubules
hindgut (intestine)
midgut
crop
anus
rectum
salivary gland
http://www.ibdhost.com/demo/gallery/albums/bugs/grasshopper.jpg
mouth
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Because insects have an open circulation system…
Waste elimination is more tied to digestion than to circulation
Compare Figure 42.9 Page 944
Environmental
conditions
force the same
structures to
function quite
differently!
hypotonic
medium
hypertonic
medium
Compare Figure 42.2 Page 936
The capillaries
of the stomach
and intestine
absorb
nutrients.
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The concentrations of nutrients are regulated by the human liver
The circulation
via the portal
vein goes to
the capillaries
in the liver.
These
regulate blood
concentration.
Blood Glucose
The vertebrate liver absorbs
excess glucose (forming
glycogen)
high
And it releases that glucose
when needed later
blood entering liver
via portal vein
blood leaving liver
to vena cava
normal
liver removes
excess
low
liver supplies more
meal
rest
exercise
Time (hours)
This is a basic example of homeostatic regulation
The liver:
• Regulates blood glucose levels via glycogen.
• Converts fermentation-produced lactic acid into glycogen.
• Interconverts carbohydrates into fats, conversions of fats, and amino
acids into carbohydrates or fats.
• Deaminates amino acids and converts the resulting ammonia into urea
and uric acid and releases these nitrogenous wastes into the
bloodstream.
NH3
ammonia
O
NH2
O=C
NH2
urea
NH
HN
=O
O
NH
NH
uric acid
• Detoxifies a wide range of toxic chemicals including alcohol.
• Produces blood plasma proteins: fibrinogen, prothrombin, albumin,
globulins…recycles aging red blood cells
• Produces bile for fat emulsification.
prostate
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The renal excretory system in a male human (Homo sapiens)
Longitudinal section diagram of a human kidney
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
renal
circulation
system
Longitudinal section diagram of a human kidney
renal functional system
**contains all of
the structures
in next slide
filtration and
concentration
unit for blood
collection
and
ducting
for urine
Nephron Structure and Function: similar to a nephridium
renal
cortex
renal
medulla
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
to renal
pelvis
Glomerulus function: the
capillary leaks water, ions,
and waste molecules into
Bowman’s capsule
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Glomerulus structure: the proteins and blood cells are
retained, but water, electrolytes and other small
molecules are filtered out.
Loop of Henle: Active transport of Na+ against its
concentration gradient
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
phospholipid
bilayer
K/Na antiport ATPase
transport protein
Na+
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Na+
Na+
+ Pi
Na+
This is obviously not only active transport but also an antiport system
Bowman’s proximal
capsule
tubule
• filtration
• osmosis of water
1
3
4
6
8
10
12
H2O
descending loop of Henle
• ducting for ammonia and
uric acid elimination
cortex
Na+ Cl-
collecting duct
• concentration of urine
solute concentration in hundreds of milliosmoles per liter
• active and passive
recovery of salt
distal
tubule
ascending loop of Henle
Functions of the nephron:
outer
medulla
Na+ Cl-
inner
medulla
urea
to renal
pelvis
Nephron: renal capillaries recover sodium and water into the
blood after filtration of small molecules
proximal tubule
Bowman’s
capsule
distal tubule
renal artery
glomerulus
renal vein
loop of Henle
collecting
duct
ureter
A longitudinal slice of a chiton and three principal parts: foot
(locomotion or attachment), visceral mass (internal organs),
and mantle (secretes valves).
dorsal aorta
valve plates
gonad
heart
hemocoel
radula
mantle
mouth
anus
foot
digestive stomach
nephridium
nephridiopore
gland
ventral
gonopore
nerve
cord
water
salts
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Contractile vacuole filling
The vacuole moves to the cell membrane and empties by exocytosis