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C. K. Pithawalla College Of Engineering And Technology. Subject: Electronic Devices And Circuits Topic: Rectifiers Prepared by(Group no. 3): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bharuchwala Zainab-140090111006 Sadriwala sherebanu-140090111050 Parekh Janki-140090111033 Rathod Axay-1511909 Kakadiya Kartik-1511915 Rectification: Rectification is the process of converting the alternating voltage or current into the corresponding direct(dc)quantity. • • The input to a rectifier is ac whereas its output is undirectional or dc. • The electronic circuit which carries out rectification is called as rectifier. Rectifiers: Rectifier is an electronic device which is used or converting an alternating(ac) voltage or current into unidirectional(dc) voltage or current. Operation: • The basic building blocks of regulated power supply are: 1. A step down transformer 2. A rectifier 3. Filter 4. A voltage regulator • A step down transformer is used to reduce the ac mains voltage to an adequately small voltage. • This voltage is converted into a pulsating dc voltage by the rectifier. • The pulsating dc voltage at the rectifier output is converted into a ripple free steady dc voltage by the filter circuit. • The filtered dc voltage is then applied to a voltage regulator which tries to keep the dc output voltage constant even if the supply voltage fluctuations take place. Classification of rectifiers: Rectifier circuits Full wave rectifier(FWR) FWR with center trapped transformer Half wave rectifier(HWR ) Full wave bridge rectifier Half wave rectifier(HWR): In half wave rectifier, the rectifier is the only during one half cycle of the ac supply. • •So output is produced only in that half cycle. The output is suppressed in the other half cycle. • The conduction takes place only in one half cycle of supply, hence the name of this circuit is half wave rectifier. Rectifier circuit: Wave form for half wave positive half cycle: Where: Vdc, Vav - the DC or average output voltage, Vpeak, the peak value of the phase input voltages, Vrms, the root-mean-square value of output voltage. Voltage regulation for HWR: Where, Vnl = average load voltage at no load Vfl = average load voltage at full load Ideally the load regulation should be 0% and practically it should be as low as possible . Rectification Efficiency: Ideally the conversion efficiency should be 100% and practically it should be as high as possible. Transformer Utilization Factor: Disadvantages: • Due to the unidirectional current flow through the transformer, there is a possibility of core saturation. To avoid it, transformer size must be increased. • Ripple factor is high(1.21) • Larger filter components are required. Avantages : • Simple construction. • Less number of components are required to be used. • Small size. Applications: • In the eliminators for pocket radios or eliminators for walkman or in the low cost power supply. Full wave rectifier: A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher average output voltage. Two diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source (including a transformer without center tap), are needed. Waveforms for full wave rectifier: The average and root-mean-square no-load output voltages of an ideal single-phase full-wave rectifier are: Voltage Regulation: Rectification efficiency: The maximum efficiency of a Full Wave Rectifier is 81.2%. Transformer Utilization Factor Transformer Utilization Factor, TUF can be used to determine the rating of a transformer secondary. It is determined by considering the primary and the secondary winding separately and it gives a value of 0.693. Disadvantages: • Since PIV of the diodes is 2 Vm size of the diodes is larger and they are more costly. • Cost of the center taped transformer is high. Advantages: • Low ripple factor as compared to HWR. • Better rectification efficiency. • No possibility of transformer core saturation. Applications: • Laboratory power supplies. • High current power supplies. • Battery charges. • power supplies for various electronic circuits. Full wave rectifier with centre taped transformer: In the case of centre-tap full wave rectifier, only two diodes are used, and are connected to the opposite ends of a centre-tapped secondary transformer as shown in the figure below. The centre-tap is usually considered as the ground point or the zero voltage reference point. Bridge Rectifier: • The disadvantages of the full wave rectifier such as high PIV and compulsory use of center tapped transformer are overcome in the bridge rectifier. • A bridge rectifier uses 4 diodes that are connected in the form of a Wheatstone’s bridge. In a single half cycle only two diodes conduct. Consider the circuit diagram given below. Waveform for Bridge rectifier: Disadvantages: • The number of diodes used is four instead of two for FWR. • As two diodes conduct simuntaneously , the voltage drop increases and the output voltage reduces. Advantages: • It requires a small size transformer. Centre tap transformer is not required. This makes the bridge rectifier cost effective. • High average output voltage. Applications: • Laboratory dc power supplies. • High current power supplies. • Battery charger. • DC power supplies for various electronics circuits THANK YOU