Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian medicine wikipedia , lookup
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Art of ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Prehistoric Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Middle Kingdom of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian technology wikipedia , lookup
Egypt (Roman province) wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 4 First Age of Empires 1570 B.C.–200 B.C.. Time Line 1544 B.C. Egypt’s New Kingdom established. 751 B.C. Nubian kingdom of Kush conquers Egypt. 206 B.C. The Qin Dynasty of China collapses. Civil War follows. 1570 B.C. 200 B.C. 850 B.C. Assyrian Empire begins its rise to power. 550 B.C. Persian Empire flourishes under Cyrus. The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide 3 The New Kingdom of Egypt • The Hyksos invade Egypt and rule from 1640 to 1570 B.C. • Queen Ahhotep begins to restore Egypt’s power • Pharaoh Kamose defeats the Hyksos • The New Kingdom restores glory 4 • Egypt’s Empire Builders in the New Kingdom – The pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty • A new army of archers, charioteers, and infantry – A new crown • The blue crown 5 – Thutmose III invades Palestine and Syria – Thutmose III extents the empire • Egyptian armies invade Nubia and connects Egypt and Nubia for hundreds of years 6 • The Egyptians and the Hittites – Egyptians vs. the Hittites – 1285 B.C., the Battle of Kadesh – Ramses II and the Hittites sign a treaty that promised “peace and brotherhood between us forever” 7 • An Age of Builders – The Valley of the Kings – Ramses II builds Karnak 8 – Abu Simbel 9 The Empire Declines • Invasions by Land and Sea – “The People of the Sea” attack the Egyptian empire and the Hittite kingdom 10 • Egypt’s Empire Fades – Small kingdoms replace the empire – Libyans establish independent dynasties • From 950 to 730 B.C., Libyan pharaohs ruled Egypt and adopted the Egyptian way of life 11 The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region • The People of Nubia – Nubian kingdoms rule the upper Nile and linked Egypt with the interior of Africa to the south – Kerma, the early Nubian kingdom • Kerma pottery 12 • The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia – The New Kingdom imposed Egyptian rule on Kush – Kushite princes Egyptian adopt language and worshiped Egyptian gods – 1100 B.C., Kush regained its independence 13 • Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne – 751 B.C., Piankhi overthrows the Libyan dynasty and units the entire Nile Valley • Piankhi and his descendants became Egypt’s Twenty-fifth Dynasty – 671 B.C., the Assyrians conquered Egypt and overthrow the Twenty-fifth dynasty 14 The Golden Age of Meroë • The Wealth of Kush – Meroë, a trading center • Center for the manufacturing of iron weapons and tools 15 – Trade bring wealth to Meroë • Traders exchange iron, tools, and weapons for jewelry, fine cotton cloth, silver lamps, and glass bottles 16 • The Decline of Meroë – The rise of Aksum contributes to Meroë’s fall 17 Assyria Dominates the Fertile Crescent 18 A Mighty Military Machine • The Rise of a Warrior People – The Assyrians develop warlike behavior in response to invasions – Assyrian kings built an empire with constant warfare 19 • Military Organization and Conquest – Assyria military • Assyrian’s used leather and metal armor, wore copper or iron helmets, padded loincloths, and leather skirts layered with metal scales • Their weapons were iron swords and iron-pointed spears, and protected themselves with huge shields 20 • New military technics – Engineers bridge rivers with pontoons – The Assyrians dug tunnel’s beneath the city’s walls – Assyrian’s use iron-tipped battering rams 21 An Expanding Empire • Assyrian Rule – Assyrian officials governed new lands as provinces – Assyrian kings choose rulers for conquered territories – New territory brings taxes and tribute 22 23 • Assyrian Culture – King Sennacherib established Nineveh as Assyria’s 24 – Nineveh holds one of the ancient world’s largest libraries • A collection of more than 25,000 clay tablets from throughout the Fertile Crescent 25 The Empire Crumbles • Decline and Fall – Medes and Chaldeans defeat the Assyrians and leveled Nineveh 26 • Rebirth of Babylon Under the Chaldeans – Chaldeans made Babylon their capital – Nebuchadnezzar restores Babylon • The hanging gardens – The seven-tiered ziggurat 27 Persia Unites Many Lands 28 The Rise of Persia • The Persian Homeland – Ancient Iran • Prosperous farmland • Mineral wealth, including copper, lead, gold, silver, and gleaming blue lapis lazuli – Two major powers emerged • The Medes and the Persians 29 • Cyrus the Great Founds an Empire – 550 B.C., Cyrus conquers neighboring kingdoms in Iran – From 550 and 539 B.C. Cyrus conquered the entire Fertile Crescent and most of Anatolia 30 – Cyrus allows the Jews to return to their homeland 31 Persian Rule and Religion • Cambyses and Darius – Cambyses extended the Persian Empire into Egypt – Cambyses publicly scorned the Egyptian religion and ordered the images of Egyptian gods to be burned 32 • Darius seize the throne with help of the Ten Thousand Immortals • Darius establishes an efficient and wellorganized administration for his empire 33 • Persia extended into present-day Afghanistan and down into the river valleys of India 34 35 • Provinces and Satraps – Darius divided Persia into 20 provinces • Provinces were similar to the homelands of the many groups of people within the Persian Empire • The people of each province still practiced their own religion, spoke their own language and followed many of their own laws – Satrap rule the provinces 36 • The Persian road system – The Royal Road ran from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia, a distance of 1,677 miles • Standardized coins 37 • Persian Religion – Zoroaster’s teachings • The god of truth and light - Ahura Mazda 38 – The god of evil and darkness - Ahriman – The Avesta - the holy writings of the Zoroastrian religion 39 • The Persian Legacy – Persians rule through tolerance and good government – Persia respects other cultures 40 An Empire Unifies China 41 Philosophy and the Social Order • Confucius Urges Harmony – China’s most influential scholar - Confucius • • • • • Confucius believed in social order 1) ruler and subject 2) father and son 3) husband and wife 4) older brother and younger brother • 5) friend and friend 42 • Confucius wants to reform society and stresses good government • The Analects 43 – Mencius – the disciple • Mencius continued teach that should virtuous to leaders be 44 • Confucian Ideas About Government – Confucius believed that education could transform a humbly born person into a gentleman or civil servant – Confucianism the became foundation for Chinese government and social order 45 • Daoists Seek Harmony – Laozi – the natural order is important – Dao De Ching (The Way of Virtue) • Laozi believed that a universal force called the Dao, meaning “the Way,” guides all things 46 – The philosophy of Laozi came to be known as Daoism • The search for knowledge and understanding of nature 47 • Legalists Urge Harsh Rule – Hanfeizi and Li Si found Legalism • They believed in a highly efficient and powerful government to restore order • Government should use the law to end civil disorder and restore harmony 48 49 • I Ching – I Ching, the book of oracles • Used by people, not interested in the three philosophies • The book was used to answer ethical or practical problems • Readers used the book by throwing a set of coins, interpreting the results, and then reading the appropriate oracle 50 • Yin and Yang – The concept of two powers that together represented the natural rhythms of life • Yang, the white part, represents the masculine qualities in the universe • Yin, the black part, represents the feminine qualities of the universe – Both forces complement each other 51 The Qin Dynasty • A New Emperor Takes Control – 221 B.C., the Qin ruler assumed the name Shi Huangdi or “First Emperor” – Shi Huangdi defeats foreign enemy and doubles China’s territory 52 • Shi Huangdi unites China – The policy of “strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches” – Noble families had to live at the capital city – China is divided into 36 administrative districts • The silencing of the Confucian scholars • The book burning 53 • A Program of Centralization – Shi Huangdi centralizes the state • A highway network of 4,000 miles • Uniform standards for Chinese writing, law, currency, and weights and measures 54 • Great Wall of China – Shi Huangdi is determined to connect different part of the wall 1,400 miles to the west – The Great Wall of China built on the backs of hundreds of thousands of peasants 55 56 • The Death of The Emperor – The Emperor’s Mausoleum 57 • The Terracotta Army 58 • The Fall of the Qin – Peasant Rebellions destroy the Qin Dynasty – 202 B.C. marks the beginning of the Han Dynasty 59