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Sectionalism, States Rights, and
Democracy
Chapter 11
Sectionalism:
Sectionalism
Nationalism & the United
States
Lasted only a short while.
Sectionalism
•Develop between the North and
South
•Because of differences in
economy, culture, and political
interests.
Sectionalism is loyalty to a
particular region or section of a
country instead of to the nation
as a whole
 Opposite of nationalism
North
Economy
Political
Parties
Slave
Labor
Abolition –
end slavery
South
Sectionalism
Differences between the two regions
1st developed as a result of the different
geographies of the regions.
The North’s industrial economy
• Developed trading, small farms, and industries
The South’s agricultural economy
• Developed the plantation system.
Different political beliefs - The political parties &
the regions took different positions on the issues of the day.
Southerners tended to be DemocraticRepublican
• Followers of Thomas Jefferson who called
themselves Republicans
New Englanders tended to be Federalists
(and later Whigs).
Sectionalism & Slave Labor
When America was first being
colonized, both regions had
slavery.
After the American
Revolution, the Northern
states slowly emancipated (set
free) their slaves
• There was little need for
slave labor in the
industrial North
The invention of the cotton
gin led the South to become
even more economically
dependent upon slave labor.
What did the large number of immigrants
to the Northern industries do to the House
of Representatives?
How did the slave population continue to
increase in South Carolina even after the
slave trade was outlawed?
Sectionalism & Representation
Northern Industry
Attracted European immigrants
Allowed the North to have a
larger representation in the House
of Representatives.
The South
Did not attract many immigrants
Although the international slave
trade was outlawed in 1808, the
numbers of slaves grew due to
higher birth rates and smuggling.
What did the South view as the only
“respectable” job?
How did Southerners respond to Northern
criticism about slavery?
Sectionalism & Abolition
The growing abolition movement caused even more
regional tension.
Southerners
•Believed that planting was the only respectable job
•Feared that the abolitionist opinions would force them to
give up slavery.
•Tried to keep anti-slavery propaganda out of their region,
Northerners
Abolitionists convinced large Northern audiences of the
evils of the ‘peculiar institution.’
Southerners responded in anger to abolitionists’ criticism,
claiming that slavery was actually good, because it cared
for workers throughout their lives.
Describe the slave population in the south
by the 1820s.
Slavery in the South
South Carolina, by the 1820’s
The black population
surpassed the white
population
There was an African
American majority in most
Southern states
Sectionalism increased as a
result of the growing slave
population.
Denmark Vesey:
Denmark Vesey Plot
The Denmark Vesey plot
caused Southerners to become
even more fearful and
controlling of their slaves.
•Vesey was a free black
carpenter in Charleston who
supposedly organized a revolt
of 9,000 followers to help free
his race from slavery.
•The revolt was discovered
before it took place and Vesey
was hanged.
What happened to slave codes after
the Denmark Vesey plot was
discovered?
Denmark Vesey Plot
Slave codes
Developed as a result of the
Stono rebellion
The General Assembly
passed laws that prohibited
slaves from meeting, learning
to read and write and that
regulated all aspects of
slaves’ lives
Were strengthened to better
protect white society.
What three things did the South
think would happen if slavery
didn’t expand to new territories?
New Territories & Slavery
Southerners
Feared that if slavery could not expand
into the territories
1. The national government would be
in the hands of the North
2. Slavery would be outlawed
3. Southerners would have a large
African American population that
they could not control
Both sides became more stubborn in
their beliefs
• Were less willing to compromise
on the issue of expansion of
slavery into the territories
Why was the North concerned
about Missouri joining the Union
as a slave state?
New Territories & Slavery
As the United States continued to
grow, the North and South
disagreed on allowing slavery in
new territories.
Northern states
Concerned about Missouri joining
the Union as a slave state
It was the first state admitted
from the Louisiana Purchase
It would upset the equal balance
of slave and free states’ votes in
the Senate
The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise
1. Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as
a free state.
2. It also tried to avoid future controversy by drawing
a line westward from Missouri’s southern border,
at the 36 30’ latitude line
3. Prohibiting slavery in the Louisiana Territory
north of that line.
The South learned from this crisis the importance of
maintaining the balance of Senate votes from slave
and free states.
The Missouri Compromise
What was the protective tariff
designed to do?
Who did the tariff benefit?
Protective Tariffs
In 1828, South Carolinians opposed a high
protective tariff
Designed to raise import taxes on goods coming
from foreign countries in order to make them
more expensive than goods produced in the United
States.
This would benefit the emerging industries in the
North.
Since South Carolina was largely agricultural, a
protective tariff would raise the price of the
manufactured goods that South Carolinians would
buy from the industrial north or from Great
Britain.
Therefore southerners objected to raising the
protective tariff.
Protective Tariff
Political cartoon of the results
of the protective tariffs.
Protective Tariff
For example::
SC could buy a chair from Great
Britain for $5
The chairs from the North were $8
The protective tariff placed a tax on
the chairs from Great Britain raising
the cost to $9.
South Carolina could still buy the
chairs from Great Britain, but they
would have to pay more
Could also buy chairs from the
North
but it was still more expensive than if
they only had to pay $5.
(Note: these numbers are not real prices.)
The Nullification Crisis
Andrew Jackson
John Calhoun
In 1828 the United States Congress
passed a protective tax
•Vice President John C. Calhoun, of
SC, anonymously wrote a booklet
claiming that it was a states’ right
to declare such a law
unconstitutional and nullify it
through a special state
convention.
•If states could do this, then they
could declare anything they didn’t
like unconstitutional, and would
weaken the federal government.
Both Washington, D.C. and South
Carolina debated this opinion.
Nullifiers:
Unionists:
The Nullification Crisis
South Carolinians split into a
States’ Rights Party, or
Nullifiers, and a Union party
Unionists.
Nullifiers believed that states
should have the right to nullify
laws made by the federal
government
Unionists did not believe
states should nullify laws.
Nullifiers
Unionists
In 1832, the Nullifiers won
control of the South Carolina
General Assembly.
What did the SC Nullifiers do when
the Tariff of 1832 was passed?
Tariff of 1832
Passed by the United States
Congress
The South Carolina
legislature called a meeting
and …
nullified the tariff
John C. Calhoun
Resigned the vice presidency
Entered the U. S. Senate
where he was a strong voice
against the tariff and for
nullification.
What did President Andrew
Jackson do when the Tariff of
1832 was nullified by South
Carolina?
The Nullification Crisis
President Andrew Jackson
•Condemned the nullifiers
•Said it was treason for a state to ignore federal laws.
•He urged Congress to pass a Force Bill that would
authorize the national government to send troops to
collect the tariff in South Carolina.
The South’s reaction to
Jackson’s Force Bill.
What finally ended the
Nullification Crisis?
How did South Carolina react to
the Force Bill?
The End of the Crisis
The Compromise
•Congress lowered the tariff
•South Carolina repealed (took back) the
nullification
However,
South Carolina nullified the Force Bill
Asserting a state’s right to declare an act of
Congress to be unconstitutional in that state
The states’ right idea would continue to develop.