Download How to determine what blood type a person is?

Class Starter
In your logbook, draw a mind map connecting
all the vocabulary words you can think of that
relate to the circulatory system.
Now, read pages 177-178: Blood constituents
Some blood facts
• The human body contains approximately 5
to 6L (men) and 4 to 5L (women) of blood
• Non- characteristic properties of blood:
- viscous (thick) - odourless
- red
- salty
Blood Constituents
Blood is a homogeneous mixture
composed of formed elements (blood
cells) and liquid plasma :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Red blood cells (RBCs)
White blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
Plasma (fluid)
Functions of the components of blood
1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
 Small, round cells that lack a nucleus
 Produced by red bone marrow (inside
some, but not all bones)
 Have a life span of 120 days
- Your body produces 2.4 million each
second
Contain red pigment called hemoglobin
- a protein that enables the RBC to
transport O2 and CO2 around the body

Functions of the components of blood
2. White blood cells (WBCs)
transparent
 have a nucleus
 are larger than RBCs
 Provide immunity and defense against
disease

– they phagocytize (engulf and destroy) dead or
damaged cells, old RBCs and bacteria
– they produce antibodies (a defense against
bacteria)
WBC phagocytosis:
WBC
RBC
Blood Cell production
• Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone
marrow
• Bone marrow is a jellylike substance inside the bones
that is composed of stem cells.
• As the blood cells develop from the stem cells in the
marrow, they pass into the blood that passes
through the bones
• Red marrow: Bone marrow that actively produces
blood cells
• Yellow marrow. Bone marrow that no longer
produces blood cells.
Functions of the components of blood
3. Platelets:
–
Solid fragments stemming
from large cells in the bone
marrow
– Play an important role in
blood coagulation
– the clotting of blood
and blood products
– Their role is to stop bleeding
internally or externally
“What is hemophilia?”
– An inherited disorder where there is an
absence of platelets or the platelets do not
clot properly. Individuals affected with this
disorder bleed continuously when injured.
They require clotting factor and often blood
transfusions when hit or cut.
Functions of the components of blood
4. Plasma:
•
Yellowish liquid composed of:
–
–
Water (90%)
Dissolved nutrients (glucose, amino acids, salts),
antibodies, hormones, and waste products
• makes up approximately 55% of whole blood.
plasma
RBC, WBC,
platelets
4 Main functions of plasma:
1.carries nutrients to the cells
(These have been broken down in the digestive system and
absorbed into the blood in the small intestine)
2. transports oxygen
(which enters the blood by diffusion from the alveoli into
the capillaries)
3. Transports waste products from cellular activity
to the excretory organs
4. Transports hormones, antibodies and various
other substances
For homework
(to be completed in your logbook)
- Make a study chart summarizing the components of blood
and their functions.
- Make sure to write short descriptions in your own words!!
Blood Component
red blood cell
white blood cell
platelets
plasma
Function(s)
Blood Types and
Blood Transfusions
Class Starter:
1) What are the different blood types that exist?
2) What determines what type of blood you have?
3) Why can you die if you were to receive an
incompatible blood type?
What determines the different blood groups?
Blood types are determined by the presence or
absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs
 A, B, Rh (Rhesus factor) = antigens (specific
proteins) attached to RBCs
 The different blood types are not spread out
equally in the population
Blood Types
• The presence or absence of a third antigen
(Rh) determines if the blood type is positive or
negative
• Rh present = positive (+)
• Rh not present = negative (-)
• This gives us 8 blood types:
• A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, O+
Blood Types
Blood
Group
A+
AB+
BAB+
ABO+
O-
Antigen
Blood Types
Blood
Group
A+
AB+
BAB+
ABO+
Antigen
A, Rh
A
B, Rh
B
A,B, Rh
A, B
Rh
O-
none
Blood Transfusions
• People who have blood diseases and others
who require extensive surgery must receive
blood transfusions
• A blood transfusion is the injection of blood
into a person
• This requires:
– a donor, the person who gives the blood
– a recipient, the person who receives the blood
Fact:
• In the 19th century, many blood transfusions
resulted in the recipients dying.
• Why?
• We know understand that there are specific
antibodies which circulate in a person’s blood
• If a recipient’s antibodies match the donor’s
antigens, the antibodies in the recipient’s
blood will attack the donor’s antigens
resulting in blood coagulation and possible
death
Blood Types
Blood
Group
Antigens
(surface)
• The antigens on your
A+
A, Rh
RBCs will determine
AA
the antibodies that
B+
B, Rh
circulate in your blood
BB,
• The antibodies in your
blood are the opposite AB+ A, B, Rh
of the antigens on your AB A, B
RBCs
O+
Rh
O-
None
Antibodies
(in plasma)
Blood Types
Blood
Group
Antigens
(surface)
• The antigens on your
A+
A, Rh
RBCs will determine
AA
the antibodies that
B+
B, Rh
circulate in your blood
BB,
• The antibodies in your
blood are the opposite AB+ A, B, Rh
of the antigens on your AB A, B
RBCs
O+
Rh
O-
None
Antibodies
(in plasma)
B
Rh
A
A, Rh
None
Rh
A, B
A, B, Rh
Draw a picture to represent the antigens and
antibodies present in each blood group
Blood
Group
Antigens
Blood
Group
A+
AB+
A-
AB -
B+
O+
B-
O-
Antigens
Blood Compatibility rules
• Main rule:
– The donor’s blood cannot contain any antibodies
that match the antigens on the recipients red
blood cells
• Tricks
– Similar blood types can always give blood to
eachother
– + blood types CANNOT give blood to – blood types
– – blood types CAN give blood to + blood types
• Universal donors: can give blood to anyone
= type O- (because it has no antigens)
• Universal recipients: can receive blood from anyone
= type AB+ (because it has no antibodies)
Blood Types
Blood
Type
AA+
BB+
ABAB+
OO+
Can donate to:
Can receive from:
A
O
AB
B
How to determine what blood type a person is?
 A person’s blood group is determined by mixing
a drop of his or her blood with 3 different
commercial serums (solutions with dissolved
antibodies)

Anti- A serum

Anti-B serum

Anti-Rh serum
 If agglutination (coagulation) takes place (small
dots appear)it means that the RBCs have
antigens matching that specific serum.

By determining which antigens are on the surface of
the RBCs we can deduce what the blood type is
How to determine what blood type a person is?
• Blood sample X + anti-A serum = agglutination
• Blood sample X + anti-B serum = no agglutination
• Blood sample X + anti – Rh serum = no agglutination
– Sample X is blood type: A-
Determining blood groups
Blood Typing Activity
•
•
•
•
Bottle 1 = Mr. Smith
Bottle 2 = Mr. Green
Bottle 3= Ms. Brown
Bottle 4= Mr. Jones
Blood types
• Blood typing game
• Quiz
• Lab activity
CREATING VACCINES web
• PBS nova:
• BIO TERROR home page:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/
• Creating a vaccine GAME:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/va
ccines.html