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The Roman Republic and the Roman Empire I. GEOGRAPHY AND FOUNDATION OF ANCIENT ROME A. In addition to Greece, another significant classical civilization was ancient _________ B. THE GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT ROME 1. Rome was located on the _____________ _______________along the Mediterranean Sea; the Romans were influenced by the ____________and a neighboring tribe called the ______________ C. THE CULTURE OF ANCIENT ROME 1. Roman religion was polytheistic and based on the ____________ _________(usually only the _______________changed) 2. Roman writing was called ____________; it was based on ____________writing 3. Roman ____________________borrowed heavily from Greek styles; like Greek agoras, Roman cities had a ____________for markets and _____________ _______________ D. ROMAN SOCIETY: Society was divided among three major groups: 1. At the top were the ____________(called _________________); they controlled most of the land and held key military and _______________ positions 2. Patricians made up ________ of all Roman ________________ 3. Most Roman people were __________________ (called ________________); they were farmers, shopkeepers, or peasants; plebeians paid the majority of ____________ collected in the Roman Republic; they made up __________ of Roman citizens 4. At the bottom of society were _______________and residents of the Roman Republic who were not Roman II. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC A.ROMAN GOVERNMENT: When Rome was first founded, it was ruled by __________; but in 509 BCE, the Romans created a _______________; a republic is a form of government in which ________________have the power to elect their _______________ 1. The most important feature of the republic was the _____________, whose 300 members were ______________by citizens to ___________ ___________and taxes 2. In 451 BCE, government officials wrote down ____________ ___________onto the ____________ _____________, which were hung in the forum for all citizens to see; the Twelve Tables were based on the idea that ______ _____________ of Rome had a right to the ___________________ of the law; the Twelve Tables made clear how the law would be ________________ to Roman citizens 3. The _____________ _____________ also has a republican government, very _____________to the one of Ancient Rome B. ROMAN MILITARY 1. Rome was protected by an _________________ ____________ of professional soldiers (not part-time soldiers who were farmers or merchants by trade) 2. Rome had the ______________ ___________ in the Mediterranean at the time; it was also highly ________________; the Roman _________________were divided into groups of 5000 men called ________________; each legion was divided into smaller groups of 80 men (called ________________) commanded by ___________ ______________called centurions 3. The highly ________________ command structure ensured that legions could be _________ deployed against the enemy 4. Advances in _______________ __________________ (such as catapults) enabled the professional Roman soldiers to not only defend the Romans’ territory, but to _______________ it C. THE PUNIC WARS 1. The Romans went to _________ with a neighboring kingdom, ________________(based in northern Africa) 2. The Carthaginians engaged the Romans in __________ _______ _______ over the course of about a _____________ ___________; led by the great general _________________, the Carthaginians nearly defeated the Romans in the ___________ _________; they invaded the Italian peninsula and almost captured Rome 3. The Romans held the Carthaginians off, then ________________ _______________Carthage in the __________ _________; with Carthage’s defeat, the Romans were then the most ________________power in the Mediterranean, carving out an _______________ _______________ D. THE EXPANSION OF ROME 1. Controlling this massive territory, though, would present ________ _______________ for the Romans 2. Rome’s expanding territory brought wealth, but also brought issues: The new lands brought more ___________, which created a ______ _______________ for Roman citizens Generals who controlled the army became _______ _________________ than Senators People flocked to the big cities from farms, which created _________ ____________ shortages Struggles for power led to a series of __________ __________ between Romans E. THE RISE AND FALL OF JULIUS CAESAR 1. From the turmoil within the Roman Republic, a new political _____________ emerged: a general named ___________ _______________ 2. Julius Caesar partnered with two other Roman __________________ to take control of Rome (they formed a __________________); Julius was extremely _____________ with the Roman people, due to his great military___________ 3. Julius Caesar gathered ________ _____________to himself, looking to ___________ the Roman Republic’s problems by initiating reforms; Caesar named himself ___________-______-________in 46 BCE, which weakened the Senators’ power a great deal 4. Fearing that he was becoming ________ ________________, members of the Roman Senate conspired to _____________________ Caesar 5. Caesar was cornered and _______________ to death in the Roman Senate building, which began the __________ of the Roman Republic III. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE F. AUGUSTUS CAESAR: THE FIRST ROMAN EMPEROR 1. The assassination led to ______________ __________ _________led by Caesar’s adopted son ________________ and his best general, Marc Antony 2. Julius Caesar’s death changed Rome; the people no longer ________________ the Senate to ___________ the Roman Republic 3. _______________ exacted _______________ on the Senators who assassinated Julius; Octavian soon became undisputed ruler of Rome, renaming himself _____________ ____________ 4. “Augustus” means “_____________ _________”; Julius Caesar’s last name became the title for “________________” 5. Augustus did away with the Senators’ power, eventually ending the ________________ ___________________of Rome and becoming Rome’s first ________________; the Senate still met, but the emperor had all of the __________ _____________ G. PAX ROMANA 1. Augustus’ 41 year reign marked the beginning of a 207-year era of peace, ______________, and expansion called “________ _______________” (the “__________ ___________” ) from 27 BCE to 180 CE 2. The Empire was over 3 million square miles in size and contained about ____ ___________ ____________ 3. Pax Romana became the “___________ _______” of Rome as emperors like Augustus built well-paved _____________ and a modern infrastructure; they had PAX ROMANA a merit-based bureaucracy to rule the empire 4. Roman architects used new styles like ____________ __________ to beautify cities 5. Emperors built arenas and used chariot races, ________________ events, and theater to ________________ the Roman people IV. ROMAN EMPERORS: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY Rome would have a wide range of ______________ _______________ over the years THE GOOD: 1. Several emperors were ________________ ______________ (like Trajan and Marcus Aurelius) THE BAD: 1. Some were not so good; Nero was _______________ and uncaring of the Roman people’s well-being; the legend is that Nero played his fiddle while part of __________ ______________ (then blamed Christians for the fire) 2. Commodus was a __________ and inept leader, leading a life of _________________ and debauchery THE UGLY: 1. Domitian was ______________ and devised many _______________ and executions for his enemies 2. Caligula was a ___________________; he raped whomever he wanted, _______________for greed and _________________, and thought he should have been treated as a god Despite having some bad emperors mixed in with the great ones, the Roman Empire ___________ in size, power, and ______________. But all things come to an end, and the Roman Empire, for all its greatness, would eventually _______________ and ___________. CONCLUSIONS: ONE: Rome expanded from a city, to a republic, to an empire TWO: The era of the Roman Republic introduced representative democracy THREE: The era of the Roman Empire led to the Pax Romana and the “golden age” of Roman innovation and culture