Download Non-Infectious disease

Non-Infectious disease
Linked to part 6 – Epidemiological studies involve the collection and careful statistical analysis of large quantities data.
Such studies assist the causal identification of non-infectious diseases

Identify and describe the main features of epidemiology using lung cancer as an example

Identify causes of non-infectious disease using an example from each of the following categories:
o Inherited diseases
o Nutritional deficiencies
o Environmental diseases
Epidemiology
•__________________________ is the study of the factors determining and influencing the
______________ and ____________________ of diseases (both infectious and non-infectious)
•Epidemiologists usually work for Government Health Departments and tend to study
___________ of people rather than actual individuals in order to determine the number of people
suffering from a ________________ and any possible causes of a disease. The aim is to gain
enough _________________ in order to _______________ and _______________ the disease.
•Health programs can be evaluated and improved when more knowledge is gained. For example
high risk _______________ (the aged, aboriginal, drug addicts or people from low socioeconomic
groups) can be identified and assisted.
•A _____________________ is a disease that affects many countries and an ________________
is a disease that affects only a certain area.
•There are 3 main types:
•Descriptive studies provide information about the disease, including factors that influence it. For
example, for people who suffer from heart attacks information is collected on the age, sex,
smoking habits, diet, drinking and eating habits, occupations and family history of the disease.
•Analytical studies set up a hypothesis based on the data gleaned from the descriptive study.
Here the scientists can try to predict which factors are more likely to cause the disease.
•Intervention studies aim to change the course of a disease that threatens society.
•Epidemiologist can gather information by conducting case studies, cohort studies or by
undertaking randomized trails from the general population.
Nutritional Diseases
•The
type of nutritional disease depends on a particular __________________ deficiency.
Nutritional disease are more common in __________________ countries where people lack
resources and conditions to grow __________________ food.
•Mineral Deficiencies: Goitre (enlarged thyroid gland) occurs with the lack of iodine.
•Vitamin Deficiencies: Scurvy is one of the most famous diseases caused by the lack of vitamin C.
Rickets are caused by deficiency of Vitamin D. Beri Beri is caused by the lack of one of the B
group vitamins, Thiamine.
•Protein Deficiency: Kwashiorkor disease is prevalent in children who do not eat enough protein.
•Anorexia and bulimia are also considered nutritional diseases.
Scurvey
•Cause: Deficiency of Vitamin ____.
•Characteristics: In the past scurvy was common amongst sailors who were out at sea for long
periods of time and did not have access to fresh fruit and vegetables. Captain James Cook
overcame this problem in the late 1700s by introducing _____________ into the diets of his crew.
For this reason the sailors became known as ‘limeys’. Scurvy is still a threat in developing
countries where people’s diets lack fresh fruit and vegetables.
•Symptoms: Vitamin C is necessary for the development, ___________ and repair of
_________________ tissue. Lack of vitamin C leads to sores and _________________ from the
gums, fragile capillaries, ________________, poor wound healing and failure of bone
_________________ to grow.
•Treatment: Humans cannot make or store vitamin C so they must have a diet that supplies
________________ doses by eating lemons, oranges, limes, kiwi fruit, tomatoes (or vitamin C
tablets).
•Prevention: Similar to treatment – daily intake of vitamin C through fresh fruit and vegetables,
plus education programs about the importance of a ___________________ diet.
Environmental Diseases
•Environmental diseases are those caused by certain ________________ or by something in the
environment such as _____________ substances.
•To some extent they are diseases that can be controlled by a persons choices such as using
unleaded petrol in order to avoid ____________ poisoning.
•People can also change their lifestyles such as quitting ___________ or reducing
_______________ drinking sessions.
•A person can avoid toxic substances if they are aware of their presence and dangers.
Sometimes they find out about the dangers when it is too late, such as with _________________.
Minamata Disease
•Cause: If a person eats too much ___________ they can intake large quantities of methyl
_________________ that has been bioaccumulated in the food ______________ (after dumping
of industrial waste mercury into the ocean).
•Characteristics: In 1956 __________________ disease was first described in Minamata Bay in
the South Island of Japan. Since then, thousands have died.
•Symptoms: Sensory loss, tremors, ataxia (uncontrolled movement) and both hearing and visual
loss. Mercury can cross the placenta and harm the unborn baby inducing mental
retardation.•Treatment: There is no cure for the Minamata Disease. Once the central nervous
system is __________________ by organic mercury, there is no medical procedure that can
reverse the destructive processes that has taken place. Patients can be given
__________________ to help cope with the symptoms.
•Prevention: Environmental Ministries around the world are learning from what has happened in
Minamata – Japan.
Inherited Diseases
•Inherited diseases result from __________________ in germ-line _____________ or changes in
_____________________ that are passed on from one generation to the next.
•When a mutation occurs in the DNA, faulty ________________ are produced that cannot carry
out their normal function. Point mutations occur when there is a mistake in one base pair (for an
example see the ‘Introduction to DNA’ ppt)
•Chromosomal disorders result from a variety of changes in the ________________ of a person.
People can have the wrong _________________ of chromosomes (____________), such a one
less chromosome as seen in Turner syndrome, or one extra chromosome such as seen in
_____________ syndrome.
•Each of the chromosomes can also exchange parts of themselves with other chromosomes
(translocation), have certain parts of the chromosome turned upside down (inversion), repeated
(duplication) or missing completely (deletion). All these events result in genetic changes in the
individual.
Down Syndrome
•Cause: When a person has ____ copies of chromosome ____ in the nuclei of their cells. An
individual can gain an extra chromosome 21 by either a _______________ of chromosome
21onto another chromosome, or by _______________.
•Characteristics: This disease has been associated with increased maternal age. The older the
mother, the ____________ the chance of having a child with Down syndrome.
•Symptoms: Flattened nose, slanted wide set eyes, sagging mouth with protruding tongue, mental
retardation, reduced life expectancy, single palmer crease, heart defects. Symptoms vary greatly
from patient to patient.
•Treatment: As there is no _________ for Down syndrome each patient can been assisted in
relation to their particular needs. Early intervention programs have been shown to raise the
intellectual achievement of these individuals.
•Prevention: __________________ and chorionic villus sampling removes ____________ tissue
while the child in still in the uterus. A karyotype can be made from this tissue and if the unborn
child has Down syndrome the parents can opt for a therapeutic abortion.
Non disjunction (draw here)